Chapter 1: Introduction To Cells Flashcards
1
Q
What are examples of nucleic acid
A
DNA and RNA
2
Q
Gene
A
Piece of DNA codes for protein
3
Q
How do living cells genetic information flow
A
From DNA to RNA to protein
4
Q
What is the process called from going from DNA to RNA
A
Transcription
5
Q
What is the process called from RNA to protein
A
Translation
6
Q
What is gene expression
A
The two process, transcription and translation
7
Q
What is the center dogma of molecular biology
A
DNA to RNA to protein
8
Q
What makes up prokaryotes
A
Bacteria and archaeans
9
Q
What makes up eukaryotes
A
Animals, fungi, protist, plants
10
Q
Example of unicellular organisms
A
Bacteria, yeast, protist, archaea
11
Q
Bacteria doesn’t have a ______ they have ____instead where DNA is located
A
Nucleus, nucleoid
12
Q
How are ribosomes different from other organelles
A
Non-membraneous
13
Q
How do you kill bacteria
A
Destroy the cell wall
14
Q
Why is the cell wall key to bacteria
A
Protects the cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake or loss of water
15
Q
Liver cells and muscle cells has a lot of what type of organelle and why
A
Mitochondria and for energy
16
Q
What do animal cells don’t have and what do they have instead
A
Dont have cell wall and have ECM instead
17
Q
What is so special about peroxisomes
A
Has enzymes that produce toxins such as H202 and degrade H202 to water and oxygen
18
Q
Internal membranes and plasma membrane are made of what
A
Phospholipids and encloses organelles
19
Q
Plant cells lack what organelles
A
Centrioles and ECM
20
Q
Nucleus is surrounded by what
A
Nuclear envelope
21
Q
Nuclear envelope contains what
A
2 lipid bilayers with nuclear pores
22
Q
What control passage of molecule in and out of nucleus
A
Nuclear pores
23
Q
Nucleus contains what
A
Chromatin and nucleolus
24
Q
Chromatin
A
DNA and proteins
25
Nucleolus
Area where ribosomal RNAs are made and combined with proteins to form large and small ribosomal subunits
26
Chromosomes
Structures made up of material called chromatin
27
What cells don’t have a nucleus and why
Mature red blood cells, w/out having a nucleus we can transport more oxygen
28
When do chromosomes become visible
When cells are about to divide
29
What works together to make a protein
Ribosomes and mRNA
30
What kind of RNA can be translated into protein
mRNA
31
What is the cells protein synthesis machinery
Ribosomes
32
Each ribosomal subunit is composed of
Ribosomal (rRNA) and proteins
33
Ribosomes can make proteins where in the cell
Cytoplasm and rough ER
34
What is the function of RER
Synthesis and modification of proteins
35
What organelle contain chaperons
RER
36
Chaperons
Proteins that help other proteins fold properly
37
How do you form glycoproteins
Proteins and short chain sugar
38
What are the three functions of RER
Make proteins
Fold proteins correctly with the help of chaperons
Form glycoproteins
39
Proteins are sent where
Lysosomes
Exported outside of cell
Embedded to membranes
40
What is the function of the smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and positions in the liver cells
41
What are the kinds of lipids
Fats, steroids, and phospholipids
42
What are the kinds of steroids
Cholesterol and hormonal
43
What are the kind of steroid hormone
Estrogen and testosterone
44
Smooth ER stores what and where
Calcium in the muscles
45
Where did the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum arose from
Prokaryotic plasma membrane
46
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Packages, distribution, and modification molecules make in the ER
47
What are the two sides of the Golgi
Cis and trans faces
48
Cis side of the Golgi is
Receiving side
49
Trans side of Golgi means
Shipping side
50
How do you make glycolipids and where
Lipids and short sugar and Golgi
51
How do you make proteogliycans and where
Proteins and 1 or more polysaccharide chain and Golgi
52
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules or foreign cells taken into the cell by phagocytosis and old or damaged organelles
53
What are so unique about lysosomes enzymes
They are protein in nature and are made in the RER and modified in the Golgi
54
Lysosomic enzymes works best in what pH
Acidic
55
Endocytosis
Cells import substances from the external medium by capturing them in vesicles that fuse with lysosomes, where I travel lunar digestion occurs
56
Where does endocytosis derive from
Plasma membrane
57
Exocytosis
Cells export substances that have been synthesized in the ER and Golgi apparatus to the extracellular environment using intracellular vesicles that fuse withe the plasma membrane
58
Cell Carry what process out more exocytosis or endocytosis
Endocytosis
59
Endocytosis and exocytosis both carry out what
Use vesicles
60
What organelle is found in almost all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
61
What is the function of mitochondria
Make chemical energy, ATP
62
The mitochondrial matrix contains
DNA and ribosomes
63
Cristae
Folds in the mitochondria
64
What lacks mitochondria
Prokaryotes and parbesalids
65
Parabesalids don’t have mitochondria, instead they have
ATP synthase to make ATP instead of mitochondria
66
What DNA can be passed on by both parents to offspring
Nuclear DNA
67
What DNA can be passed down by by one parent (and which parent) to off spring
Mitochondrial DNA, only by mothers
68
Mitochondria most likely evolved from what
Engulfed bacteria
69
Mitochondria may have originated from what kind of bacteria
Aerobic bacteria
70
Where can chloroplast can be found
Plants and some protist
71
How can chloroplast make sugars or food, what is this process called
By the sun’s energy, photosynthesis
72
What carries out photosynthesis but don’t have chloroplast
Cyanobacteria
73
How does Cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis
By having chlorophyll
74
Thylakoids membrane
Encloses hollow donut shaped disc
75
Storma contains what
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes
76
Chloroplast most likely evolved from what
Engulfed bacteria
77
Chloroplast most likely evolved from what type of bacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)
78
What evolved first? Mitochondria or chloroplast
Mitochondria
79
Endosymbiosis
Living close together in close association
80
How are mitochondria and chloroplast similar to bacterial DNA
DNA are similar to bacterial DNA in size and shape
81
Mitochondria and chloroplast are surrounded by
Two membranes, outer and inner
82
Chloroplast and mitochondria replicate by
Binary fission
83
Binary fission
Dividing in half (asexual)
84
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
85
What are the functions of cytoskeleton
Gives cells its shape
Keep organelles in fixed locations
Involved in cell movement and movement of materials and organelles within cells
86
Actin filaments allows what
Muscles to contract
87
What cytoskeleton is the smallest
Actin filaments
88
Which cytoskeleton is the largest
Microtubles
89
What is the function of intermediate filaments
Provide support for the cell
90
Microtubules functions
Help distribute chromosomes in dividing cell
91
ECM is found where
Outside of plasma membrane of animal cells
92
ECM is made of
Made of protein
93
Collagen
Fibrous protein found in ECM
94
Purpose of ECM
Organizes cell in tissues
Supports plasma membrane
Communicates with cytoskeleton
95
ECM is made out of
Fibrous protein, glycoprotein, proteoglycans
96
Plasmodesmata
Allows plants to communicate with each other
97
Middle lamella
Holds plant cells together
98
What are the two types of cell walls and what is it made up of
Plants have primary and secondary cell walls; cellulose
99
Primary cell walls
Forms first
100
Secondary cell walls
Forms 2nd, found in some plants cells
101
Where do the 2 cell walls, primary and secondary cells walls, derive from
Protoplast
102
Why is E. Coli is a model prokaryote
To study mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription and translation
103
Why is budding yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model eukaryote
Study basic mechanism like cell division
104
Why is arabidopsis Thaliana is a model plant
Study genetics, molecular biology and evolution of flowering plants
105
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
106
What types of angiosperms are there
Flowers
Fruits
Double fertilization
Endosperm
107
Why is fruit fly a model organism
Developmental biology and geneticist
108
Genome
Coding DNA and non coding DNA
109
Genes
Coding DNA
110
Somatic cells
Body cells except egg and sperm
111
Small nematode worm, what is so important about it’ll
Was the first multicellular organism whose entire genome was sequenced
112
What is important about nematode worm
They exhibit eutely
113
Eutely
Adult organist has a fixed number of somatic cells
114
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, not needed cells are disposed in animal cells
115
Why is the zebrafish are popular models why
Studies of vertebrate development
116
What groups have vertebrates
```
Fish
Birds
Mammmals
Amphibians
Reptiles
```
117
What could a baby and a mouse have in common
Could have a white patch on his forehead due to the defects in the same gene called KIT
118
What is the importance of the gene KIT
Required for the development, migration, and maintenance of some skin pigment cells
119
Parabasalids make proteins where
Rough Er and the cytoplasm
120
True or false: Mitochondria may have originated from anaerobic bacteria
False, aerobic
121
True or false: humans contains two sets of genomes
Yes, diploid
122
True or false: archaea are classified as bacteria
False, protist
123
True or false: buddy yeast have more genomes than humans
False
