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Cell Biology > Chapter 1: Introduction To Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction To Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are examples of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

Gene

A

Piece of DNA codes for protein

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3
Q

How do living cells genetic information flow

A

From DNA to RNA to protein

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4
Q

What is the process called from going from DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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5
Q

What is the process called from RNA to protein

A

Translation

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6
Q

What is gene expression

A

The two process, transcription and translation

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7
Q

What is the center dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA to RNA to protein

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8
Q

What makes up prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaeans

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9
Q

What makes up eukaryotes

A

Animals, fungi, protist, plants

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10
Q

Example of unicellular organisms

A

Bacteria, yeast, protist, archaea

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11
Q

Bacteria doesn’t have a ______ they have ____instead where DNA is located

A

Nucleus, nucleoid

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12
Q

How are ribosomes different from other organelles

A

Non-membraneous

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13
Q

How do you kill bacteria

A

Destroy the cell wall

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14
Q

Why is the cell wall key to bacteria

A

Protects the cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake or loss of water

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15
Q

Liver cells and muscle cells has a lot of what type of organelle and why

A

Mitochondria and for energy

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16
Q

What do animal cells don’t have and what do they have instead

A

Dont have cell wall and have ECM instead

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17
Q

What is so special about peroxisomes

A

Has enzymes that produce toxins such as H202 and degrade H202 to water and oxygen

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18
Q

Internal membranes and plasma membrane are made of what

A

Phospholipids and encloses organelles

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19
Q

Plant cells lack what organelles

A

Centrioles and ECM

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20
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by what

A

Nuclear envelope

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21
Q

Nuclear envelope contains what

A

2 lipid bilayers with nuclear pores

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22
Q

What control passage of molecule in and out of nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

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23
Q

Nucleus contains what

A

Chromatin and nucleolus

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24
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins

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25
Q

Nucleolus

A

Area where ribosomal RNAs are made and combined with proteins to form large and small ribosomal subunits

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26
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures made up of material called chromatin

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27
Q

What cells don’t have a nucleus and why

A

Mature red blood cells, w/out having a nucleus we can transport more oxygen

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28
Q

When do chromosomes become visible

A

When cells are about to divide

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29
Q

What works together to make a protein

A

Ribosomes and mRNA

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30
Q

What kind of RNA can be translated into protein

A

mRNA

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31
Q

What is the cells protein synthesis machinery

A

Ribosomes

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32
Q

Each ribosomal subunit is composed of

A

Ribosomal (rRNA) and proteins

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33
Q

Ribosomes can make proteins where in the cell

A

Cytoplasm and rough ER

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34
Q

What is the function of RER

A

Synthesis and modification of proteins

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35
Q

What organelle contain chaperons

A

RER

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36
Q

Chaperons

A

Proteins that help other proteins fold properly

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37
Q

How do you form glycoproteins

A

Proteins and short chain sugar

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38
Q

What are the three functions of RER

A

Make proteins
Fold proteins correctly with the help of chaperons
Form glycoproteins

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39
Q

Proteins are sent where

A

Lysosomes
Exported outside of cell
Embedded to membranes

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40
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and positions in the liver cells

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41
Q

What are the kinds of lipids

A

Fats, steroids, and phospholipids

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42
Q

What are the kinds of steroids

A

Cholesterol and hormonal

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43
Q

What are the kind of steroid hormone

A

Estrogen and testosterone

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44
Q

Smooth ER stores what and where

A

Calcium in the muscles

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45
Q

Where did the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum arose from

A

Prokaryotic plasma membrane

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46
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Packages, distribution, and modification molecules make in the ER

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47
Q

What are the two sides of the Golgi

A

Cis and trans faces

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48
Q

Cis side of the Golgi is

A

Receiving side

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49
Q

Trans side of Golgi means

A

Shipping side

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50
Q

How do you make glycolipids and where

A

Lipids and short sugar and Golgi

51
Q

How do you make proteogliycans and where

A

Proteins and 1 or more polysaccharide chain and Golgi

52
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules or foreign cells taken into the cell by phagocytosis and old or damaged organelles

53
Q

What are so unique about lysosomes enzymes

A

They are protein in nature and are made in the RER and modified in the Golgi

54
Q

Lysosomic enzymes works best in what pH

A

Acidic

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cells import substances from the external medium by capturing them in vesicles that fuse with lysosomes, where I travel lunar digestion occurs

56
Q

Where does endocytosis derive from

A

Plasma membrane

57
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cells export substances that have been synthesized in the ER and Golgi apparatus to the extracellular environment using intracellular vesicles that fuse withe the plasma membrane

58
Q

Cell Carry what process out more exocytosis or endocytosis

A

Endocytosis

59
Q

Endocytosis and exocytosis both carry out what

A

Use vesicles

60
Q

What organelle is found in almost all eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Make chemical energy, ATP

62
Q

The mitochondrial matrix contains

A

DNA and ribosomes

63
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in the mitochondria

64
Q

What lacks mitochondria

A

Prokaryotes and parbesalids

65
Q

Parabesalids don’t have mitochondria, instead they have

A

ATP synthase to make ATP instead of mitochondria

66
Q

What DNA can be passed on by both parents to offspring

A

Nuclear DNA

67
Q

What DNA can be passed down by by one parent (and which parent) to off spring

A

Mitochondrial DNA, only by mothers

68
Q

Mitochondria most likely evolved from what

A

Engulfed bacteria

69
Q

Mitochondria may have originated from what kind of bacteria

A

Aerobic bacteria

70
Q

Where can chloroplast can be found

A

Plants and some protist

71
Q

How can chloroplast make sugars or food, what is this process called

A

By the sun’s energy, photosynthesis

72
Q

What carries out photosynthesis but don’t have chloroplast

A

Cyanobacteria

73
Q

How does Cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis

A

By having chlorophyll

74
Q

Thylakoids membrane

A

Encloses hollow donut shaped disc

75
Q

Storma contains what

A

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes

76
Q

Chloroplast most likely evolved from what

A

Engulfed bacteria

77
Q

Chloroplast most likely evolved from what type of bacteria

A

Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)

78
Q

What evolved first? Mitochondria or chloroplast

A

Mitochondria

79
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Living close together in close association

80
Q

How are mitochondria and chloroplast similar to bacterial DNA

A

DNA are similar to bacterial DNA in size and shape

81
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast are surrounded by

A

Two membranes, outer and inner

82
Q

Chloroplast and mitochondria replicate by

A

Binary fission

83
Q

Binary fission

A

Dividing in half (asexual)

84
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

85
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton

A

Gives cells its shape

Keep organelles in fixed locations

Involved in cell movement and movement of materials and organelles within cells

86
Q

Actin filaments allows what

A

Muscles to contract

87
Q

What cytoskeleton is the smallest

A

Actin filaments

88
Q

Which cytoskeleton is the largest

A

Microtubles

89
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide support for the cell

90
Q

Microtubules functions

A

Help distribute chromosomes in dividing cell

91
Q

ECM is found where

A

Outside of plasma membrane of animal cells

92
Q

ECM is made of

A

Made of protein

93
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous protein found in ECM

94
Q

Purpose of ECM

A

Organizes cell in tissues

Supports plasma membrane

Communicates with cytoskeleton

95
Q

ECM is made out of

A

Fibrous protein, glycoprotein, proteoglycans

96
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Allows plants to communicate with each other

97
Q

Middle lamella

A

Holds plant cells together

98
Q

What are the two types of cell walls and what is it made up of

A

Plants have primary and secondary cell walls; cellulose

99
Q

Primary cell walls

A

Forms first

100
Q

Secondary cell walls

A

Forms 2nd, found in some plants cells

101
Q

Where do the 2 cell walls, primary and secondary cells walls, derive from

A

Protoplast

102
Q

Why is E. Coli is a model prokaryote

A

To study mechanisms of DNA replication, transcription and translation

103
Q

Why is budding yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model eukaryote

A

Study basic mechanism like cell division

104
Q

Why is arabidopsis Thaliana is a model plant

A

Study genetics, molecular biology and evolution of flowering plants

105
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

106
Q

What types of angiosperms are there

A

Flowers
Fruits
Double fertilization
Endosperm

107
Q

Why is fruit fly a model organism

A

Developmental biology and geneticist

108
Q

Genome

A

Coding DNA and non coding DNA

109
Q

Genes

A

Coding DNA

110
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells except egg and sperm

111
Q

Small nematode worm, what is so important about it’ll

A

Was the first multicellular organism whose entire genome was sequenced

112
Q

What is important about nematode worm

A

They exhibit eutely

113
Q

Eutely

A

Adult organist has a fixed number of somatic cells

114
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, not needed cells are disposed in animal cells

115
Q

Why is the zebrafish are popular models why

A

Studies of vertebrate development

116
Q

What groups have vertebrates

A 
Fish
Birds
Mammmals
Amphibians
Reptiles
117
Q

What could a baby and a mouse have in common

A

Could have a white patch on his forehead due to the defects in the same gene called KIT

118
Q

What is the importance of the gene KIT

A

Required for the development, migration, and maintenance of some skin pigment cells

119
Q

Parabasalids make proteins where

A

Rough Er and the cytoplasm

120
Q

True or false: Mitochondria may have originated from anaerobic bacteria

A

False, aerobic

121
Q

True or false: humans contains two sets of genomes

A

Yes, diploid

122
Q

True or false: archaea are classified as bacteria

A

False, protist

123
Q

True or false: buddy yeast have more genomes than humans

A

False

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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