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Cell Biology > Chapter 11 - Membrane Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Membrane Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells have internal membranes

A

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Receptor proteins are where

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Receptors proteins acts as what and what is the function

A

Sensors that enable the cell to receive information about changes in its environment and respond to them

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4
Q

If a cell is to survive and grow, _________ must pass inward cross the plasma membrane, _________ must pass out by highly selective channels and pump proteins.

A

Nutrients, waste products

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5
Q

Internal membranes functions

A

Surround organelles

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6
Q

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast are enclosed by

A

Two membranes; outer and inner

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7
Q

The cell membrane is made up of

A

Lipids and proteins

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8
Q

Lipid bilayer is made up of

A

Lipids are arranged into closely apposed sheets

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9
Q

Each membrane lipid is composed of what

A

Hydrophilic head and one or two hydrophobic tails

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10
Q

What is the most abundant lipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

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11
Q

What is the most common phospholipid in cell membrane

A

Phosphatidycholine

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12
Q

What are hydrophobic tails made of

A

Fatty acids

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13
Q

Describe saturated fatty acids bonds

A

Has no double bonds between their carbon atoms

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14
Q

Describe Unsaturated fatty acids bond

A

Have 1 or more double bonds between their carbon atoms

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15
Q

Monounsaturated bonds fatty acids

A

Have 1 double bonds

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16
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Have 2 or more double bonds

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17
Q

What molecules dissolves in water

A

Hydrophilic molecules

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18
Q

Double bonds does what to the tails

A

Make it bend

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19
Q

Amphipathic

A

Because they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

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20
Q

OH is nonpolar or polar

A

Polar

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21
Q

Cholesterol lacks

A

Fatty acids

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22
Q

Molecules that are insoluble in water

A

Hydrophobic molecules

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23
Q

Hydrophobic exclusion

A

When hydrophobic molecules exclude themselves from water staying together

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24
Q

Triacylglcerols or triglycerides

A

Stores energy

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25
Q

What are main constituents of animal fats and plant oils, entirely hydrophobic

A

Triacylglycerols

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26
Q

Cis unsaturated bonds

A

Hydrogens are on the same side of double bond

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27
Q

Trans unsaturated bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds on the opposite sides of double bonds

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28
Q

What fats are usually solid at room temperature

A

Saturated

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29
Q

Why are saturated bonds solid at room temp

A

H-C tails lack double bonds, causing them to pack closely together

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30
Q

Example of saturated fats

A

Butter

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31
Q

What is usually liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated fats

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32
Q

Why is unsaturated fats liquid at room temps

A

H-C tails have double bonds, preventing them from packing closely together

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33
Q

Example of unsaturated

A

Olive oil

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34
Q

How do you get from oil to solid fat

A

Hydrogenation

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35
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adding H atoms

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36
Q

Both plasma membrane and internal membranes are made up of

A

Lipid bilayers

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37
Q

What happens if membrane components can not move what happen

A

Cell can not function properly

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38
Q

What happens when phospholipids close in on themselves

A

Form sealed compartments

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39
Q

Why when the phospholipid closed, it is stable

A

It avoids the exposure because it avoids the exposure of hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails to water, which would be energetically unfavorable

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40
Q

The fluidity of lipid bilayer can be studied using what

A

Synthetic lipid bilayer free of proteins

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41
Q

Liposome

A

Closed spherical vesicles that form when pure phospholipids are added to water

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42
Q

Noncytosolic monolayer

A

Faces the extra cellular fluid or lumen of the organelle or vesicle

43
Q

Cytotoxic monolayer or leaflet

A

Faces the cytosol

44
Q

What happens to the fluidity of the bilayers when temperature goes up

A

Goes up

45
Q

The smaller the length of hydrocarbon tails what happens to the number of double bonds

A

Higher number of double bonds

46
Q

How do double bonds and fluidity correlate

A

More double bonds, higher fluidity

47
Q

Cholesterol is…

A

A lipid (steroid)

48
Q

Cholesterol is found where

A

Animal cells membranes and internal membranes

49
Q

What stiffens the bilayer, making it more rigid and less permeable

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

Enzymes scramblases

A

Randomly transfer phospholipids from one monolayer to other, allowing membrane to grow evenly

51
Q

New phospholipids are made by enzymes bound from where

A

Part of the ER membrane that faces the cytosol

52
Q

Flippases found

A

Golgi apparatusq

53
Q

Flippases

A

Phospholipid handling enzymes found in the membrane of the golgi

54
Q

Flippases remove

A

Specific phospholipids from the non cytosol is monolayer and flip them to the cytosol is side

55
Q

Flippases symmetrical of asymmetrical

A

Asymmetrical

56
Q

Scramblases symmetrical or asymmetrical

A

Symmetrical

57
Q

Scramblases require atp

A

No

58
Q

Flippases require atp

A

Yes

59
Q

Scramblases movement

A

Bidirectional

60
Q

Flippases movement

A

Undirectional

61
Q

Glycolipids mainly located in and found in which layer

A

Plasma membrane; noncytosolic half

62
Q

Where does glycoproteins acquire their sugar groups

A

Golgi

63
Q

Glycolipid faces where and not where

A

Extra cellular fluid and lumen

Not cytosol

64
Q

Most membrane functions are carried out by

A

Membrane proteins

65
Q

4 different ways in which membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer

A

Transmembrane
Monolayer associate alpha helix
Lipid linked
Protein attached

66
Q

Transmembrane protein

A

Extend across the bilayer as single alpha helix, multiple alpha helices or b barrel

67
Q

Monolayer associated alpha helix protein

A

Anchored to cytosol is surface by amphipathic alpha helix

68
Q

Lipid linked protein

A

Attached to either side of the bilayer solely by covalent attachment to lipid molecule

69
Q

Protein attached

A

Attached to the membrane only by relatively weak noncovalent interactions with other membrane proteins

70
Q

Which proteins are integral membrane proteins

A

Transmembrane, mono layered, lipid proteins

71
Q

Integral proteins can be removed by

A

Disrupting the bilayer with detergents

72
Q

Which proteins are peripheral membrane proteins

A

Protein attached protein

73
Q

How can peripheral membrane proteins be released

A

More gently procedures that interfere with protein protein interactions but leave lipid bilayer still intact, treatment with high salt or changing the pH of the solution

74
Q

Peptide bonds are polar or non polar

A

Polar

75
Q

Some Multiple alpha helices from what

A

Transmembrane hydrophilic pores

76
Q

Hydrophilic pore

A

Water filled channel that allows water molecules to pass through hydrophobic region of lipid bilayer

77
Q

Porin proteins made up of what

A

B barrel

78
Q

Porin protein

A

Water filled protein in the bacterial membrane and outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplast

79
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin consist of how many alpha helices

A

7 transmembrane helices

80
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin acts as

A

Transporter by pumping H+ protons out of the archaean

81
Q

How can bacteriorhodopsin changes it shape and causes protein to undergo a small series of small confromational changes

A

Retinal absorbs photon of light

82
Q

Cell cortex

A

Determines the shape of the cel and mechanical properties of the plasma membrane

83
Q

Spectrin meshwork

A

Consist of actin filaments and spectrin

84
Q

Spectrin is made out of

A

Fibrous protein

85
Q

4 ways to restrict lateral mobility of plasma membrane protein

A

Cell cortex
ECM molecules
Surface proteins
Diffusion barrier

86
Q

Tight junction formed

A

Junctional proteins

87
Q

What are the sugars role on the cell surface

A

Absorbs water, gives the cell slimy surface, prevents blood sticking to one another or walls of blood vessels.

Also plays a role in cell to cell recognition and adhesion

88
Q

Oligosaccharides are made up of

A

3-10 monosaccharides

89
Q

Carbohydrate layer aka

A

Glycocolyx layer

90
Q

Oligosaccharides are carried by what

A

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

91
Q

Where are oligosaccharides found

A

On the extra cellular face of neutrophils

92
Q

Oligosaccharides are recognized by

A

Lectins

93
Q

Where are lectins found

A

On the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels at the site of infection

94
Q

Neutrophil

A

Type of white blood cell that engulfes bacteria by phagocytosis

95
Q

What is important about oligosaccharides

A

Provide ID tags for cells, which are recognized by immune system and pathogens

96
Q

FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photo bleaching)

A

Photo bleaching technique used to measure the rate of lateral diffusion of membrane proteins

97
Q

Membrane proteins of interest are tagged with what during the FRAP method

A

GFP

98
Q

Fluorescent proteins are bleached with what

A

Bleached using a laser beam

99
Q

The rate of this fluorescence recovery is a direct measure of what

A

The rate at which surrounding proteins molecules can diffuse within the membrane

100
Q

Detergents

A

Small amphipathic lipid like molecules that differed from membrane phospholipids by having only single hydrophobic tail

101
Q

SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)

A

Strong ionic detergent that displaces lipid molecules from proteins and also unfolds the proteins

102
Q

Triton X-100

A

Mild nonionic detergent that solubilizes membrane proteins

103
Q

How do detergents work

A

Spontaneously aggregate into clusters or micelles in water and they squeeze in between lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane and separate them and keep them in water soluble complexes.

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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