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Cell Biology > Chapter 16- Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Cell Signaling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do cells communicate with each other

A

Signals (ligand)

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2
Q

What are the different types of ligand or signals

A

Proteins, peptides, fatty acids derivatives, Amino acids, steroid hormones or dissolved gas

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3
Q

The signal is sent by ________ to be received by ______

A

Signaling cell, target cell

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4
Q

Signal transduction

A

Begins when receptor on target cell receives that extracellular signal and converts it to the intracellular signal that can alter the cells behavior

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5
Q

What are 4 different ways of cell signaling

A

Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, contact dependent

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6
Q

Endocrine signaling releases what

A

Long lived ligand (hormones) that travel through the circulatory system to induce changes in several distant target cells

In blood

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7
Q

Endocrine cell releases what type of ligand

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Example of endocrine signaling

A

Release of insulin by beta cells of the pancreas

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9
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Releases short lived ligands (growth factors) that affect nearby target cells

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10
Q

What type of ligands do paracrine signaling cells releases

A

Growth factors

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11
Q

What type of signaling involves in wound healing

A

Paracrine signaling

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12
Q

Growth factors

A

Proteins that stimulate cell growth and cell division (cell proliferation)

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13
Q

Growth factors are what kind of ligands

A

Short lived

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14
Q

Another name for neuronal signaling

A

Synaptic signaling

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15
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Neuron releases short lived ligands (neurotransmitters) into the synapse

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16
Q

What type of ligand is released with neuronal signaling

A

Neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Synapse

A

Forms between neuron and its target cell (neuron, muscle, gland, or endothelial cell)

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18
Q

Contact dependent signaling

A

Membrane bound signal molecules on the signaling cell binds to the membrane bound receptor on the target cell

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19
Q

Contact dependent signaling controls what

A

Nerve cell production during embryonic development of Drosophilia

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20
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Inhibitory signal prevents adjacent cells from becoming specialized in the same way as signaling cell

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21
Q

Auto fine signaling

A

Cells sends signals to itself

The signaling cell responds to its own signals

Signaling cell and target cells are the same

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22
Q

Example of autocrine signaling

A

T cells of immune system

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23
Q

Epinephrine

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormones

Adrenal gland

Derivative of amino acid tyrosine

Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism

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24
Q

Cortisol

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Adrenal gland

Steroid (derivative cholesterol)

Affects metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in most tissues

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25
Q

Estradiol

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Ovary

Steroid (derivative of cholesterol)

Induces and maintains secondary female sexual characteristics

26
Q

Insulin

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Beta cells of pancreas

Protein

Stimulates glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis in various cell types

27
Q

Testosterone

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Testis

Steroid (derivative of cholesterol)

Induces and maintains secondary male sexual characteristics

28
Q

Thyroxine

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Thyroid gland

Derivative of amino acids tyrosine

Stimulates metabolism in many cell types

29
Q

EGF (epidermal growth factor)

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Local mediators

Various cells

Protein

Stimulates many cell types to proliferate

30
Q

NGF (nerve growth factor)

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Local mediators

Various innervated tissues

Protein

Promotes survival and atonal growth of certain classes neurons

31
Q

Histamine

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Local mediator

Mast cell

Derivative of amino acid histidine

Causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, helping cause inflammation

32
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Local mediator

Nerve cells, endothelial living blood vessels

Dissolved gas

Causes smooth muscles to relax, regulates nerve cell activity

33
Q

Acetylcholine

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Neurotransmitter

Nerve terminals

Derivative of choline

Excitatory of neurotransmitter at the many nerve muscle synapse and in central nervous system

34
Q

Gamma Aminobutryric Acid (GABA)

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Neurotransmitters

Nerve terminals

Derivative of the amino acid glutamic acid

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

35
Q

Delta

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Contact dependent signal molecule

Prospective neurons, various nerve types

Transmembrane protein

Inhibits neighboring cells from becoming specialized in the same way as the signaling cell

36
Q

Why are different signals needed to survive

A

Cells need it to survive or they will die

37
Q

Fast cellular responses

A

Changes in cell environment, cell metabolism or cell secretion, that does not involve changes in the gene expression or protein production

Effects the function of proteins present in the cell

38
Q

Fast cellular responses last how long

A

Seconds to minutes

39
Q

Slow cellular responses

A

Cell differentiation cell growth and cell division which involve change in the gene expression and production of new proteins

40
Q

Slow cellular response last how long

A

Minutes to hours

41
Q

Cell surface receptors are found

A

In plasma membrane

42
Q

Cell surface receptors use what type of ligands

A

Large and or hydrophilic ligands

Proteins or peptides

43
Q

Intracellular receptors are found

A

Inside of cell

44
Q

Intracellular receptors use what type of ligands

A

Small hydrophobic ligands

Which can be fatty acids derivatives, steroid hormones or dissolved gases

45
Q

Small hydrophobic hormones bind where

A

Intracellular receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription regulators

They affect gene expresssion

46
Q

What hormones affect nuclear receptors superfamily of transcription regulators

Or what affects gene expression

A

Cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine

47
Q

What signaling causes smooth muscles cell to relax

A

Nitric oxide signaling

48
Q

Smooth muscle cells regulate

A

Regulate diameter of arteries and veins dilation or constriction

49
Q

Vasodilation

A

Veins dilating

50
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Veins constricting

51
Q

When smooth muscles relax what happens

A

Leads to basil dilation which increases blood flow

52
Q

What is the NO receptor

A

Guanylyl cyclase

53
Q

Capillaries don’t have what kind of cells

A

Smooth muscle cells

54
Q

What target protein can be activated by NO

A

Guanylyl cyclase

55
Q

Guanylyl cyclase cataylzes

A

The production of cGMP to GTP

56
Q

Erection

A

Smooth muscle cells of penile arteries relax, allowing increased blood flow to the penis

57
Q

Some of these signaling molecules interacts with specific ____________ altering them to change behavior of the cell in various ways

A

Effector proteins

58
Q

Relay

A

Help the signal spread through the the cell

59
Q

Amplify

A

Make signal stronger

60
Q

Intergrate

A

Cell can receive singal from more than one intracellular signaling pathway and intergrate then before relaying signal onward

61
Q

Distribute

A

Signals can be distributed to more than one signal pathway or effector protein

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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