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Cell Biology > Chapter 16- Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 16- Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells communicate with each other

A

Signals (ligand)

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2
Q

What are the different types of ligand or signals

A

Proteins, peptides, fatty acids derivatives, Amino acids, steroid hormones or dissolved gas

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3
Q

The signal is sent by ________ to be received by ______

A

Signaling cell, target cell

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4
Q

Signal transduction

A

Begins when receptor on target cell receives that extracellular signal and converts it to the intracellular signal that can alter the cells behavior

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5
Q

What are 4 different ways of cell signaling

A

Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, contact dependent

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6
Q

Endocrine signaling releases what

A

Long lived ligand (hormones) that travel through the circulatory system to induce changes in several distant target cells

In blood

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7
Q

Endocrine cell releases what type of ligand

A

Hormones

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8
Q

Example of endocrine signaling

A

Release of insulin by beta cells of the pancreas

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9
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Releases short lived ligands (growth factors) that affect nearby target cells

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10
Q

What type of ligands do paracrine signaling cells releases

A

Growth factors

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11
Q

What type of signaling involves in wound healing

A

Paracrine signaling

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12
Q

Growth factors

A

Proteins that stimulate cell growth and cell division (cell proliferation)

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13
Q

Growth factors are what kind of ligands

A

Short lived

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14
Q

Another name for neuronal signaling

A

Synaptic signaling

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15
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Neuron releases short lived ligands (neurotransmitters) into the synapse

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16
Q

What type of ligand is released with neuronal signaling

A

Neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Synapse

A

Forms between neuron and its target cell (neuron, muscle, gland, or endothelial cell)

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18
Q

Contact dependent signaling

A

Membrane bound signal molecules on the signaling cell binds to the membrane bound receptor on the target cell

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19
Q

Contact dependent signaling controls what

A

Nerve cell production during embryonic development of Drosophilia

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20
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Inhibitory signal prevents adjacent cells from becoming specialized in the same way as signaling cell

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21
Q

Auto fine signaling

A

Cells sends signals to itself

The signaling cell responds to its own signals

Signaling cell and target cells are the same

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22
Q

Example of autocrine signaling

A

T cells of immune system

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23
Q

Epinephrine

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormones

Adrenal gland

Derivative of amino acid tyrosine

Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism

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24
Q

Cortisol

What type of signal molecule is it

Chemical nature

Site of origin

Why type of action

A

Hormone

Adrenal gland

Steroid (derivative cholesterol)

Affects metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in most tissues

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25
Estradiol What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormone Ovary Steroid (derivative of cholesterol) Induces and maintains secondary female sexual characteristics
26
Insulin What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormone Beta cells of pancreas Protein Stimulates glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis in various cell types
27
Testosterone What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormone Testis Steroid (derivative of cholesterol) Induces and maintains secondary male sexual characteristics
28
Thyroxine What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormone Thyroid gland Derivative of amino acids tyrosine Stimulates metabolism in many cell types
29
EGF (epidermal growth factor) What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Local mediators Various cells Protein Stimulates many cell types to proliferate
30
NGF (nerve growth factor) What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Local mediators Various innervated tissues Protein Promotes survival and atonal growth of certain classes neurons
31
Histamine What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Local mediator Mast cell Derivative of amino acid histidine Causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky, helping cause inflammation
32
Nitric oxide (NO) What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Local mediator Nerve cells, endothelial living blood vessels Dissolved gas Causes smooth muscles to relax, regulates nerve cell activity
33
Acetylcholine What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Neurotransmitter Nerve terminals Derivative of choline Excitatory of neurotransmitter at the many nerve muscle synapse and in central nervous system
34
Gamma Aminobutryric Acid (GABA) What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Neurotransmitters Nerve terminals Derivative of the amino acid glutamic acid Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
35
Delta What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Contact dependent signal molecule Prospective neurons, various nerve types Transmembrane protein Inhibits neighboring cells from becoming specialized in the same way as the signaling cell
36
Why are different signals needed to survive
Cells need it to survive or they will die
37
Fast cellular responses
Changes in cell environment, cell metabolism or cell secretion, that does not involve changes in the gene expression or protein production Effects the function of proteins present in the cell
38
Fast cellular responses last how long
Seconds to minutes
39
Slow cellular responses
Cell differentiation cell growth and cell division which involve change in the gene expression and production of new proteins
40
Slow cellular response last how long
Minutes to hours
41
Cell surface receptors are found
In plasma membrane
42
Cell surface receptors use what type of ligands
Large and or hydrophilic ligands Proteins or peptides
43
Intracellular receptors are found
Inside of cell
44
Intracellular receptors use what type of ligands
Small hydrophobic ligands Which can be fatty acids derivatives, steroid hormones or dissolved gases
45
Small hydrophobic hormones bind where
Intracellular receptors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription regulators They affect gene expresssion
46
What hormones affect nuclear receptors superfamily of transcription regulators Or what affects gene expression
Cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine
47
What signaling causes smooth muscles cell to relax
Nitric oxide signaling
48
Smooth muscle cells regulate
Regulate diameter of arteries and veins dilation or constriction
49
Vasodilation
Veins dilating
50
Vasoconstriction
Veins constricting
51
When smooth muscles relax what happens
Leads to basil dilation which increases blood flow
52
What is the NO receptor
Guanylyl cyclase
53
Capillaries don’t have what kind of cells
Smooth muscle cells
54
What target protein can be activated by NO
Guanylyl cyclase
55
Guanylyl cyclase cataylzes
The production of cGMP to GTP
56
Erection
Smooth muscle cells of penile arteries relax, allowing increased blood flow to the penis
57
Some of these signaling molecules interacts with specific ____________ altering them to change behavior of the cell in various ways
Effector proteins
58
Relay
Help the signal spread through the the cell
59
Amplify
Make signal stronger
60
Intergrate
Cell can receive singal from more than one intracellular signaling pathway and intergrate then before relaying signal onward
61
Distribute
Signals can be distributed to more than one signal pathway or effector protein

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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