Chapter 6: Diet-related Diseases & Special Diets Flashcards
1
Q
List 7 things that most-diet related disease are linked to?
A
- eating to much saturated fat
-eating too much salt
-eating to much sugar - eating to little fibre
-consuming too much alcohol - leading a sedentary lifestyle
- genetics
2
Q
What does obesity mean?
A
BMI of over 30
Or
Being 20% or more above the normal weight for your height and build
3
Q
List 8 reasons why people become overweight or obese
A
- overeating
-lack of exercise - poor nutritional knowledge
-poor eating patterns - low income
-busy lifestyle
-emotional reasons - medical conditions
4
Q
List the 6 health problems associated with being overweight or obese
A
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- stroke
- type 2 diabetes
- varicose veins
- gout
5
Q
List 6 treatments of obesity
A
- maintain a balanced diet
- increase daily exercise
- establish a pattern of eating regular meals
-study food labels carefully - avoid convenience foods
- use low-fat cooking methods
6
Q
Expand on 3 points on why people become overweight or obese
A
- lack of exercise: many people lead a sedentary lifestyle, therefore they do not burn of the calories eaten
- Low income- many cheap convenience foods are HSFF
- emotional reasons - many people eat comfort food to deal with emotions such as stress or depression
7
Q
List 3 things you should eat lots of for treatment of obesity?
A
- fresh fruit
- leafy green vegetables
- white meats
8
Q
List 3 things you should reduce during treatment of obesity
A
Potatoes
Bread
Rice
9
Q
List 3 things you should avoid when on treatment for obesity
A
Takeaways
Fried foods
Sugary soft drinks
10
Q
List the 2 types of vegetarian diets
A
- vegan
- lacto- vegetarian
11
Q
What is the difference between vegans and lacto- vegetarian?
A
**Vegans **don’t eat animal products at all
lacto-vegetarians eat animal products
12
Q
List the 5 reasons why people choose a vegetarian diet:
A
- Ethical reasons
- health
- religion
- Environmental reasons
- preference
13
Q
Expand on 3 reasons why people choose a vegetarian diet?
A
- ethical reasons: many people believe that the killing of animals is morally wrong, and they don’t think that the way the animals are raised are right
- Religion: it is common in some religions to not eat meat Eg. Buddhism
- preference: some people do not like the taste, look or smell of meat
14
Q
What are some of the guidelines for planning a vegetarian diet?
A
- Eat plenty of plant based protein protein sources, and meat alternatives
- eat foods fortified with vit B12
- eat lots of iron
- Eat lots of Vit C foods
- look for the V-label
15
Q
List 4 examples of plant - based protein sources:
A
Peas , beans and nuts
16
Q
What are 2 examples of products fortified with vitamin B12?
A
TVP and breakfast cereals
17
Q
Why should vegans eat lots of vitamin C?
A
Maximise the amount of iron being absorbed
18
Q
What is the V-Label?
A
It indicates that a food is suitable for vegetarians
19
Q
What is salt required for?
A
To maintain fluid balance in the bodies cells
20
Q
What is the recommended daily intake of salt per adult?
A
No more then 6g
21
Q
What can a high salt diet do to your body?
A
Raises your blood pressure
22
Q
What can high blood pressure lead to?
A
Strokes,heart attacks and kidney disease
23
Q
List 5 health problems associated with a high - salt diets
A
- high blood pressure
- Coronary Heart disease
- stroke
- Fluid retention
- kidney damage
24
Q
List 5 guidelines for reducing salt intake:
A
- do not have salt on the table
- do not add salt when cooking
- avoid processed foods
- use low salt products, Eg. LoSalt
- study food labels carefully
25
What is the worst type of fat?
Trans-fat
26
What do saturated fats contain?
Cholesterol
27
What are the two types of cholesterol?
LDL ( low- density lipoprotein) - bad
HDL ( high- density lipoprotein) - good
28
What is cholesterol used for?
Produce hormones
29
What happens when you have too much cholesterol?
It causes the cholesterol to stick to the arteries walls
30
What do you call a build up of cholesterol?
Plaque
31
What is the process of plaque build up & sticking to arteries called?
Atherosclerosis
32
What are cardiovascular diseases?
Disease of the heart, and blood vessels of the body
33
What are the 3 mentioned cardiovascular diseases?
Coronary Heart Disease
Heart attack ( myocardial infarction)
Stroke
34
What is CHD?
When atherosclerosis occurs in the arteries of the heart
35
What is a myocardial infarction?
When an artery in the heart becomes damaged, an MI occurs
36
What is a stroke?
When an artery in the brain becomes damaged, it may damage the brain
37
List 5 ways of reducing cholesterol from your diet
- avoid high cholesterol foods
- trim off any excess fat on your meat
- avoid red meat
- choose low fat cooking methods
- avoid fatty snack foods
38
List 4 high cholesterol foods
- butter
- cream
- pastries & cakes
- processed and convenient foods
39
List 4 low cholesterol foods
- fresh fruit & veg
- white & oily fish
- vegetable oils
- cottage cheese
40
What is cellulose?
Dietary fibre
41
Where is cellulose found?
Plant foods
42
Give 2 examples of where cellulose is found:
F&V skins
Outer husks of cereals
43
What happens when plant foods are processed?
The fibre is often removed
44
What is fibre essential for?
Healthy bowel movement of waste through the intestines
45
Does fibre provide calories?
No
46
What diet is fibre useful for?
Weight- reducing diets
47
List 5 guidelines for increasing fibre in the diet:
- choose whole grain cereals
- choose high-fibre breakfast cereals
- eat F&V with the skins on
- choose high fibre foods to snack on
- drink plenty of water- helps bulk up waste
48
Does refined sugar have a function in the body?
No
49
What does sugar provide?
Energy, and nothing else
50
List 3 health problems associated with sugar:
- obesity
- type 2 diabetes
- dental disease
51
List 4 guidelines for reducing sugar in the diet:
- avoid junk food
- use artificial sweeteners
- choose healthy snacks
- study food labels for hidden sugars
52
List 4 different names given to sugar
- high fructose corn syrup
- fruit juice concentrate
- rice bran syrup
- ethyl maltol
53
What type of health condition is diabetes?
It is a chronic health condition
54
What does a chronic health condition mean?
It cannot be cured , but it can be affectivity managed
55
What is insulin?
A hormone needed to regulate blood sugar levels
56
How does diabetes occur?
It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough/any insulin
57
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
58
When does Type 1 diabetes occur?
In early childhood or early adulthood
59
is their a strong genetic link with type 1 diabetes?
Yes
60
How much insulin does the pancreas produce with Type 1?
Little to no insulin
61
With type 1 what is needed to keep blood sugar levels regular?
Daily insulin injections
62
What condition is type 2 diabetes associated with?
Being overweight
63
What age do people generally get type 2 diabetes?
40 and over
64
How much insulin does the pancreas produce with type 2 diabetes?
Some insulin but not enough
65
How is type 2 diabetes usually treated? What happens when they fail?
Taking tablets, weight programs and following a low- sugar diets. If it goes wrong they may have to inject insulin
66
List the 6 guidelines for controlling diabetes
- medical advice should be followed at all times
- medical tablets/ injections should be taken as directed
- blood sugar levels should be monitored
- energy should be obtained from high-fibre sources
- maintain a healthy weight
67
What is a good allergy?
A sensitivity to food that makes you ill
68
What happens when someone has a food allergy?
Their immune system reacts to the food, causing allergic symptoms
69
What are different allergic symptoms?
Raining from a mild itching to severe breathing symptoms and even anaphylactic shock
70
What is an allergen?
A substance that causes an allergic reaction
71
How many allergens must be declared on packaging, by law?
14
72
What is food intolerance?
It is when a person has difficulty digesting a particular type of food
73
Do food intolerance take a long or short amount of time to develop?
Long
74
What happens when food intolerances aren’t dealt with properly?
They can cause health problems
75
What is coeliac disease?
It is an intolerance of a protein called gluten
76
When is gluten found?
In cereals such as wheat,rye and barley
77
What happens when a coeliac eats gluten?
They cannot break it down during digestion
78
What happens in a coeliacs body when the gluten tries to pass through the villi of the small intestine?
The gluten is too large to pass through, damaging the villi
79
Can the damaged villi absorb nutrients?
No
80
What will happen if a coeliac continues to eat gluten?
The damaged villi will cause malnutrition
81
List 4 guidelines for people who have coeliac disease:
- exclude all food products containing gluten
- watch out for hidden gluten
- rice,corn,beans and spuds can be eaten
- look out for the crossed grain symbol
82
What is lactose?
It’s a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products
83
What do people with lactose intolerance not produce?
The enzyme lactate
84
What is lactate used for?
To digest lactose
85
What happens when lactose molecules cannot be absorbed?
It caused cramps and diarrhoea
86
What do people with lactose intolerance take to have healthy bones?
Calcium supplements
87
