Chapter 6 Deviance Flashcards
Define deviance
Not a negative term, signifies straying from the norm or usual. It is different across cultures, changes over time, and is contested.
What are overt vs covert characteristics?
Overt: Actions/qualities explicitly violating cultural norms
Covert: Unstated qualities (age, ethnicity, race)
Conflict deviance
Disagreement among groups over whether or not something is deviant.
Social Constructionism
Certain elements of social life (deviance, race, gender) are created by society or culture. Deviance is what is defined as deviance.
Essentialism
There is something natural and objectively determined about these aspects of social life. Deviance is objective, inherent. Certain practices are considered deviant in all cultures.
What did Erving Goffman study?
Interplay between social constructionism and essentialism. 3 types: Bodily (physical deformities), moral (blemishes of character, weak will, unnatural passions caused by individual choices), tribal (race, nation, religion-transmitted through lineages. Judging a group based on a few people from interactions, assumptions).
What is moral panic?
Designed to arouse concern over an issue or group
What is a moral entrepreneur?
Someone who has something to gain for public fear around an issue
Racializing deviance
Making ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance (ex: all muslims are terrorists)
Schools-to-prison hypothesis
Idea that school boards located in poorer, racialized neighbourhoods have a biased application of 0 tolerance, which creates misleading perception of higher crime rates.
What are social resources?
Refers to knowledge of law and legal system, ability to afford a good lawyer, have influential social connections and presentibility.
What is impression management?
Control of person information flow to manipulate how others see and treat you
What is the ideology of fag?
Influencing people to behave according to gender role expectations
Who is Detective Kim Rossmo?
Leading Canadian Criminologist, first Canadian police officer to receive a doctorate in criminology.
What was Robert K. Merton’s Strain theory?
Explains why some individuals “choose” to be criminally deviant. They have a disconnect between society’s culturally defined oods and uneven distribution of means necessary to acheive these goods. There is a disconnect between goals and means to acheive them.
What was Albert Cohen’s Subcultural theory?
Challenged aspects of Merton’s theory. Becoming a member of the delinquant subculture is due to status frustration.
What was Edwin Sutherlands White Collar Crime theory?
Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Implied that only upperclass are capable of carrying out non-violent crime.
What did Clinnard and Quinney look at?
Occupational vs Corporate crime: Offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their job, and offenses of employers towards employees vs offenses committed by corporate officials for their corporations and the offense of the corporation itself.
What are marked vs unmarked terms?
Marked Example: Decaf Coffee Unmarked example: Coffee
What is group conformity?
Talking about norms.
What was Milgrams research on group conformity?
All groups you’re in use social control for you to demonstrate conformity
What is stigma?
Human attribute seen to discredit an individual’s social identity
How does race/ethnicity tie in to deviance?
Plays a role when dominant culture is perceived as superior in power. Racial profiling in crime. Criminal justice system is 4 times more likely to pull over a blak person.
What happens when we reject/accept institutionalized means and cultural goals?
Accept and Accept- Conformity Reject and Accept- Innovation Accept and Reject- Ritualism Reject and Reject- Retreatism Creating new goals with new means to acheive them is called rebellion.
What is crime?
Socially constructed, act and intent must be taken in to account.
What are the 3 types of crime?
Against the Person: Don’t have to physically harm someone, includes threats to a person.
Against Property: Breaking and entering, burglary, fraud.
Victimless Crimes: Drugs, gambling (contested)
What is white collar crime?
Edwin Sutherland- occupational crimes. ex: sexual harrassment, embezzelment, pilfering
Corporate crimes
Industrial accidents and working conditions. Ex: Asbestos, Monsanto, Price fixing.
