Chapter 6 Deviance

Question 1

Define deviance

Answer 1

Not a negative term, signifies straying from the norm or usual. It is different across cultures, changes over time, and is contested.

Question 2

What are overt vs covert characteristics?

Answer 2

Overt: Actions/qualities explicitly violating cultural norms
Covert: Unstated qualities (age, ethnicity, race)

Question 3

Conflict deviance

Answer 3

Disagreement among groups over whether or not something is deviant.

Question 4

Social Constructionism

Answer 4

Certain elements of social life (deviance, race, gender) are created by society or culture. Deviance is what is defined as deviance.

Question 5

Essentialism

Answer 5

There is something natural and objectively determined about these aspects of social life. Deviance is objective, inherent. Certain practices are considered deviant in all cultures.

Question 6

What did Erving Goffman study?

Answer 6

Interplay between social constructionism and essentialism. 3 types: Bodily (physical deformities), moral (blemishes of character, weak will, unnatural passions caused by individual choices), tribal (race, nation, religion-transmitted through lineages. Judging a group based on a few people from interactions, assumptions).

Question 7

What is moral panic?

Answer 7

Designed to arouse concern over an issue or group

Question 8

What is a moral entrepreneur?

Answer 8

Someone who has something to gain for public fear around an issue

Question 9

Racializing deviance

Answer 9

Making ethnic background a covert characteristic of deviance (ex: all muslims are terrorists)

Question 10

Schools-to-prison hypothesis

Answer 10

Idea that school boards located in poorer, racialized neighbourhoods have a biased application of 0 tolerance, which creates misleading perception of higher crime rates.

Question 11

What are social resources?

Answer 11

Refers to knowledge of law and legal system, ability to afford a good lawyer, have influential social connections and presentibility.

Question 12

What is impression management?

Answer 12

Control of person information flow to manipulate how others see and treat you

Question 13

What is the ideology of fag?

Answer 13

Influencing people to behave according to gender role expectations

Question 14

Who is Detective Kim Rossmo?

Answer 14

Leading Canadian Criminologist, first Canadian police officer to receive a doctorate in criminology.

Question 15

What was Robert K. Merton’s Strain theory?

Answer 15

Explains why some individuals “choose” to be criminally deviant. They have a disconnect between society’s culturally defined oods and uneven distribution of means necessary to acheive these goods. There is a disconnect between goals and means to acheive them.

Question 16

What was Albert Cohen’s Subcultural theory?

Answer 16

Challenged aspects of Merton’s theory. Becoming a member of the delinquant subculture is due to status frustration.

Question 17

What was Edwin Sutherlands White Collar Crime theory?

Answer 17

Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Implied that only upperclass are capable of carrying out non-violent crime.

Question 18

What did Clinnard and Quinney look at?

Answer 18

Occupational vs Corporate crime: Offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their job, and offenses of employers towards employees vs offenses committed by corporate officials for their corporations and the offense of the corporation itself.

Question 19

What are marked vs unmarked terms?

Answer 19

Marked Example: Decaf Coffee Unmarked example: Coffee

Question 20

What is group conformity?

Answer 20

Talking about norms.

Question 21

What was Milgrams research on group conformity?

Answer 21

All groups you’re in use social control for you to demonstrate conformity

Question 22

What is stigma?

Answer 22

Human attribute seen to discredit an individual’s social identity

Question 23

How does race/ethnicity tie in to deviance?

Answer 23

Plays a role when dominant culture is perceived as superior in power. Racial profiling in crime. Criminal justice system is 4 times more likely to pull over a blak person.

Question 24

What happens when we reject/accept institutionalized means and cultural goals?

Answer 24

Accept and Accept- Conformity
Reject and Accept- Innovation
Accept and Reject- Ritualism
Reject and Reject- Retreatism
Creating new goals with new means to acheive them is called rebellion.

Question 25

What is crime?

Answer 25

Socially constructed, act and intent must be taken in to account.

Question 26

What are the 3 types of crime?

Answer 26

Against the Person: Don’t have to physically harm someone, includes threats to a person.
Against Property: Breaking and entering, burglary, fraud.
Victimless Crimes: Drugs, gambling (contested)

Question 27

What is white collar crime?

Answer 27

Edwin Sutherland- occupational crimes. ex: sexual harrassment, embezzelment, pilfering

Question 28

Corporate crimes

Answer 28

Industrial accidents and working conditions. Ex: Asbestos, Monsanto, Price fixing.