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Biology > Chapter 6 - Co-ordination and control > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Co-ordination and control Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a stimulus ?

A

Anything in our environment that we respond to.

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2
Q

What part of the body does a stimulus affect ?

A

Receptors

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3
Q

why and what do effectors do

A

If an effector is stimulated it will produce a response

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4
Q

How are receptors and effectors linked?

A

They are linked by a coordinator (usually the brain but may also be the spinal cord)

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5
Q

What is the term to describe the brain and spinal cord together ?

A

Central nervous system. (CNS)

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6
Q

How are the receptors and effectors linked to the coordinator

A

They are linked by nerve cells or nuerones.

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7
Q

What do neurons do ?

A

They carry information as small electrical charges called nerve impulses.

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8
Q

How would you define our behaviour ?

A

the overall total of our responses to the environment around us.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the fluid in the eye ?

A

Allow light to pass through

push against the outer wall to maintain the round shape.

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10
Q

Where and what is the aqueous humor ?

A

The water-like fluid in front of the lens.

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11
Q

Where and what is the vitreous humor ?

A

The jelly-like liquid behind the lens. It keeps the retina pushed up against the wall of the eye.

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12
Q

How is light focussed as it enters the eye ?

A

As light passes through the cornea some refraction takes place. Further refraction takes place as the light passes through the lens. By adjusting the thickness of the lens light can be forced on to the retina.

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13
Q

What are the ciliary muscles ?

A

The ring of muscle that surrounds the lens.

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14
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments ?

A

The lens is attached to the ciliary muscles by the suspensory ligaments.

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15
Q

How do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work to make the lens thinner ?

A

The ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments tighten and pull on the lens to make it thinner?

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16
Q

How do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work to make the lens thicker ?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, causing the suspensory ligaments to slacken. This reduces pressure on the lens allowing it to spring back to it’s original thicker shape.

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17
Q

Why is the amount of light entering the eye controlled ?

A

Too much/little light can damage the sensitive retina cells.

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18
Q

How is the amount of light entering the eye controlled ?

A

In bright light the pupil is reduced to a smaller size to restrict the amount of light entering. The opposite for dim light (pupil becomes bigger).

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19
Q

What is the function or neurones ?

A

To transmit electrical impulses very quickly across the nervous system.

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20
Q

How are neurones adapted to their function ?

A
  • Long axon: can be up to 1 meter in length so that nerve impulses can be transported to the extremities of the body by one cell.
  • Myelin sheath: a fatty layer around the axon, it acts as an insulator and helps to speed up the nerve impulses.
  • Branched ends: the small branching extensions from the cell body allow the neurone to make junctions with many other nerve cells.
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21
Q

What is a synapse ?

A

The junction between two neurones

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22
Q

How do electrical impulses travel across a synapse ?

A

When the electrical impulses reaches the end of the neurone it changes into transmitter substance. If the concentration of TS is high enough on the other side of the synapse it triggers an electrical impulse, and the nerve impulse continues on it’s way.

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23
Q

What is a voluntary action ?

A

We deliberately choose to do these actions and they require conscious thought.

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24
Q

What is a reflex action ?

A

An action that does not require conscious thought.

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25
Q

What are the two main characteristics that reflex actions have in common ?

A
  • they occur very rapidly

- they don’t involve conscious control (thinking time)

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26
Q

What makes a reflex action so rapid ?

A

In a reflex pathway it I kept as short as it can possibly be, with the minimum number of neurones involved. Also as few synapses as possible.

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27
Q

What are the three types of neurone in a reflex arc ?

A
  • sensory neurone
  • motor neurone
  • association neurone
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28
Q

What does the sensory neurone do ?

A

it carries info from the receptor.(e.g a burn on the hand to the spinal cord)

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29
Q

What does thee association neurone do ?

A

joins the sensory and motor neurone.

30
Q

What does the motor neurone do ?

A

carries info from the spinal cord back to muscle (effector) causing a response. (e.g moving hand)

31
Q

What are hormones ?

A

chemical messages produced by special glands which release them into the blood.

32
Q

What are target organs ?

A

Hormones travel round the body in the blood, but can only affect certain organs called target organs.

33
Q

What is the main difference between hormones and the nervous system ?

A

Hormones usually act more slowly than the nervous system.

34
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Keeping the internal environment in the body relatively constant (stable)

35
Q

Give two examples of the homeostatic role of hormones.

A

Controlling the conc of glucose in the blood through insulin. And controlling the water content of the body through osmoregulation.

36
Q

How can too much glucose affect the body ?

A

too much glucose can damage cells through water loss by osmosis.

37
Q

Where is insulin produced and released ?

A

Pancreas

38
Q

What is the main target organ for insulin ?

A

Liver

39
Q

How does insulin affect the liver ?

A
  • increased absorption of glucose from the blood, so reduced blood glucose conc
  • converts excess glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver.
  • increased respiration.
40
Q

Why is negative feedback used in the body?

A

To ensure the concentration or level of something does not deviate too far from the normal value.

41
Q

When does the body monitor the things it controls

A

It constantly monitors it.

42
Q

In the case of the pancreas and insulin, how is it describes as negative feedback ?

A

When the pancreas releases insulin, the insulin has a negative effect on what is being monitored.

43
Q

What is diabetes ?

A

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin to keep the blood glucose concentration at the normal conc.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes ?

A
  • glucose in the urine
  • increased thirst
  • increased urination
  • lethargy
45
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 usually develops in childhood. Type two usually only develops in older people, but is increasingly common in younger people.

46
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes usually treated ?

A

injection of insulin and a carefully controlled diet.

47
Q

What is a hypoglycaemic attack ?

A

When the glucose concentration levels in your blood falls too low.

48
Q

What is the common treatment for Type 2 diabetes ?

A

Change in diet and more exercise. and medication in the form on tablets and injections.

49
Q

What are so long term affects of diabetes ?

A
  • eye damage
  • heart disease
  • strokes
  • kidney damage
50
Q

How is the majority of the water in our bodies obtained ?

A

drinking and the food we eat. Small amounts also come from cell respiration which produces water as a by product.

51
Q

How is water lost from our bodies ?

A
  • evaporation in lungs
  • sweating
  • production of urine and faeces
52
Q

How does the body react in warm weather regarding to osmoregulation ?

A

The body will lose more water as sweat, so the kidneys will produce a more concentrated urine containing less water.

53
Q

How does the body react when we drink large amounts of water ?

A

The kidneys bring the concentration back to normal by producing a more dilute urine.

54
Q

What organ system are the kidneys a part of ?

A

The excretory system

55
Q

What is the function of the excretory system ?

A

remove waste and carries out osmoregulation.

56
Q

How does blood pass into the kidney ?

A

Through the renal artery.

57
Q

What happens to the blood when it reaches the cortex of the kidney ?

A

Much of the liquid part of the blood is filtered out,

58
Q

What happens in the medulla region of the kidney ?

A

Water and other substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.

59
Q

What happens to excess water if it passes through the kidney ?

A

The water is moved into the urine.

60
Q

Where is urine collected?

A

The renal pelvis.

61
Q

What happens to urine after it goes through the renal pelvis ?

A

It passes down the ureter into the bladder. There its stored until its passed out via the urethra.

62
Q

What does ADH stand for ?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone.

63
Q

What does ADH control ?

A

The process of water reabsorption back into the blood.

64
Q

Where is ADH produced ?

A

The part of the brain where the amount of water is monitored.

65
Q

What is the target organ of ADH ?

A

The kidneys.

66
Q

What does ADH do in the medulla ?

A

allows more water to pass from the urine back into the blood.

67
Q

What is phototropism ?

A

The response of a plant to light

68
Q

Why does phototropism occur ?

A

So the plant receives more light an more photosynthesis can occur.

69
Q

What is the plant hormone that controls phototropism ?

A

Auxin

70
Q

How does Auxin affect the direction in which the plant grows?

A

When a plant is illuminated from one side the auxin tends to collect on the non-illuminated side. This causes the cells of this side to elongate. This causes the shoot to bend towards the light.

71
Q

How does auxin reach the non-illuminated side ?

A

It diffuses downwards from the tip.

Biology (16 decks)

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