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Biology > Chapter 13 - Health, disease, denies mechanisms and treatments > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Health, disease, denies mechanisms and treatments Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health ?

A

Being free from non and communicable diseases

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2
Q

What are the costs of being unhealthy ?

A
  • you can’t work

- billions of pounds are sent by the NHS to care for ill people

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3
Q

What diseases do viruses cause ?

A
  • HIV
  • Colds and flu
  • Human papilloma virus (HPV)
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4
Q

What diseases do bacteria cause ?

A
  • salmonella
  • tuberculosis
  • chlamydia
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5
Q

What diseases do fungus cause ?

A
  • athletes foot

- potato blight

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6
Q

How is HIV spread, controlled and treated ?

A

exchange of bodily fluids during sexual intercourse

using a condom, don’t share needles

controlled by drugs

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7
Q

How are colds and flu spread, controlled and treated ?

A

airborne (droplet infection)

flu vaccination for targeted groups

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8
Q

How is HPV spread, controlled and treated ?

A

spread by sexual contact

HPV vaccination given to 12-13 year old girls

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9
Q

How is salmonella spread, controlled and treated ?

A

spread from contaminated food

prevent by always cooking food through

treated with antibiotics

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10
Q

How is tuberculosis spread, controlled and treated ?

A

airborne (droplet infection)

treated with antibiotics

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11
Q

How is chlamydia spread, controlled and treated ?

A

spread by sexual contact

use a condom

treated with antibiotics

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12
Q

How is athletes foot spread, controlled and treated ?

A

spread by contact

avoid area where spore are likely to be

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13
Q

How is potato blight spread, controlled and treated ?

A

spores spread from plant to plant

prevented by crop rotation and fungicide

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14
Q

Explain 3 aseptic techniques

A
  • work near a bunsen to prevent contamination from the air
  • incubate at 25*C and under to prevent pathogens being formed
  • flame the neck of the agar bottle and loop before use
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15
Q

How does the skin protect us from disease ?

A

The openings from the skin are protected by mucous membranes. Clotting of blood also prevents microorganisms from entering. The skin itself acts as a barrier.

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16
Q

What are the chemicals on foreign invaders into the bod called ?

A

Antigens

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17
Q

What do lymphocytes produce when they detect antigens ?

A

antibodies

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18
Q

How do antibodies react with the antigens ?

A

They are complimentary in shape to the antigens so they bind together. This causes the foreign invaders to clump together. Once clumped they are easily destroyed by the phagocytes.

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19
Q

How do phagocytes destroy foreign invaders ?

A

they surround the invader and engulf them, eventually enzymes within the phagocyte digest and destroy them.

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20
Q

How are the lymphocytes important in the secondary response ?

A
  • the body produces memory lymphocytes
  • they are able to produce antibodies very quickly
  • if the body gets infected again these will fight it much more effectively.
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21
Q

What is active immunity ?

A

The body produces the antibodies used. Usually slower buts lasts a long time.

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22
Q

What is passive immunity ?

A

Antibodies from another source are injected into the body. Fast acting but only last a short time.

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23
Q

What are some structural defences a plant has ?

A
  • waxy cuticles

- thick cell walls that surround cells

24
Q

What are some chemical defences a plant has ?

A
  • antibacterial properties in mint

- digitalis from foxglove is poisonous

25
Q

Who and when was penicillin discovered ?

A

1928 by Alexander Fleming

26
Q

Who later developed penicillin on a commercial scale ?

A

Florey and Chain

27
Q

What has to be added into the fermenter to produce penicillin ?

A
  • nutrients and oxygen

- sterile air

28
Q

What are preclinical trials used for ?

A
  • to check if the drug is poisonous

- to check how effective the drug is

29
Q

How are pre clinical trials carried out ?

A

drugs are tested on cells and tissues in a lab. This is called in vitro testing

30
Q

What are clinical trials used for ?

A
  • to check if there are any harmful side effects

- to determine the optimum dosage of the drug

31
Q

Explain peer review.

A

new discoveries are analysed by other scientists they can provide feedback and improvements to the findings. This makes the discovery more valid

32
Q

What are antibiotics produced by and what are they used for ?

A

They are produced by fungus and used to reduce the growth of bacteria

33
Q

What does the overuse of antibiotics result in ?

A

The antibiotics developing resistance and the development of superbugs such as MRSA

34
Q

What procedures are taken to reduce the incidence of superbugs ?

A
  • increased hygiene in hospitals
  • careful administration of antibiotics
  • isolating patients infected with superbugs
35
Q

How do vaccinations work ?

A

You are injected with dead pathogens so that your body can create memory lymphocytes.

36
Q

What is a booster vaccination used for ?

A

sometimes we need more than one vaccination to ensure that we remain immune for a reasonable amount of time

37
Q

How are some diseases inherited ?

A

They carry a gene that has been passed on from their parents that exposes them to the disease.

38
Q

What can the misuse of alcohol do ?

A
  • damage the liver

- cause foetal alcohol syndrome

39
Q

What can the misuse of tobacco do ?

A
  • cause bronchitis

- lung cancer

40
Q

What other diseases can obesity cause ?

A
  • cardiovascular problems

- type 2 diabetes

41
Q

How does a stroke or heart attack occur ?

A
  • a blockage in the blood vessel caused by a build up of cholesterol
  • restricts blood flow and reduced oxygen reaching the cells
  • can lead to cell death
42
Q

Explain how angioplasty and stents are used to treat some cardiovascular diseases

A

They are placed in the blood vessel to increases the space for the blood to flow.

43
Q

How are statins used to treat cardio vascular disease ?

A

statins such as aspirin help to reduce cholesterol and aspirin helps to ‘thin’ the blood, therefore reducing the risk of a clot forming.

44
Q

What lifestyle factors increase the risk of heart disease or strokes ?

A
  • lack of exercise
  • eating too much fatty food
  • smoking
  • stress
45
Q

What causes cancer ?

A

uncontrolled cell division that can lead to tumours

46
Q

What is a malignant tumour ?

A

tumours that may break off from the primary tumour and spread around the body

47
Q

What is a benign tumour ?

A

They remain in one place and don’t spread throughout the body.

48
Q

How is cervical cancer reduced in NI ?

A

Secondary school girls are given the HPV virus and this reduces their risk of cervical cancer

49
Q

What is a cause of skin cancer ?

A

being exposed to too many UV rays, prevent this by wearing sun cream and staying in the shade

50
Q

What is a cause of lung cancer ?

A

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer

51
Q

What are the benefits of early detection of cancers ?

A

early detection is important because it means that the tumour is more likely to be smaller and not to have spread throughout the body

52
Q

What is in place to make early detection more likely ?

A

Screening programmes are in place for breast, bowel, cervical and many more

53
Q

What is immunotherapy ?

A

injecting antibodies into the patient and attach them to cancer cells, allowing the body immune system to destroy them.

54
Q

What are the (dis)advantages of chemotherapy ?

A

-can kill cancer cells anywhere in the body

  • normal cells are affected
  • hair loss
55
Q

What are the (dis)advantages of radiotherapy ?

A
  • can very accurately treat tumours

- have to pass through healthy tissue, damaging it

56
Q

What are the (dis)advantages of surgery ?

A
  • less effective if the cancer has spread

- has the least negative side effects .

Biology (16 decks)

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