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Biology > Chapter 10 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the genome ?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

Describe the arrangement of genes in a chromosome and where are they found ?

A

they are arranged in functional pairs, found in every nuclei in the body

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3
Q

What are the only two types of cells where the genes are not organised in the typical way ?

A
  • gametes

- bacteria

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4
Q

What is a gene ?

A

Short sections of chromosomes the code for a particular characteristic

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5
Q

What is an allele ?

A

One of two possible versions of a particular gene

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6
Q

What does DNA consist of ?

A
  • phosphate
  • sugar backbone
  • base pairings
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7
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

In a double helix shape.

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8
Q

What are the two base pairings and their rules ?

A

A - T
C- G

each base can only link with the other base in their pair

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9
Q

How does DNA code for a particular characteristic ?

A

The arrangement of the base pairings produces particular amino acid, a long string of amino acids will create a protein needed.

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10
Q

What is a base triplet ?

A

A sequence of three bases in DNA that codes for a particular amino acid

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11
Q

What does mitosis allow the body to do ?

A
  • grow
  • replace worn out cells
  • repair damaged tissue
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12
Q

What is mitosis ?

A

Cell division that produces genetically identical (daughter cells ) to the parent cell and to each other

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13
Q

What sort of division is Meiosis

A

reduction division

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14
Q

What are the products of meiosis ?

A

4 genetically different haploid daughter cells

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15
Q

Why are the daughter cells genetically different in meiosis ?

A

The random independent assortment of chromosomes gives a unique gamete, producing variation in offspring

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16
Q

What are test crosses used to determine ?

A

an unknown genotype

17
Q

What does homozygous mean ?

A

the alleles are the same

18
Q

What does heterozygous mean ?

A

the alleles are different

19
Q

How is sex determined in humans ?

A

Humans have 1 pair os sex chromosomes. A sex chromosome can either be X or Y.

Male = XY
Female = XX
20
Q

How is each sex chromosome allocated to the person ?

A

During meiosis the female provides one and the male provides one. Half the males sperm will be X and half Y. All the females eggs will have an X chromosome.

21
Q

Name 4 diseases that can be genetically inherited

A
  • haemophilia
  • cystic fibrosis
  • huntingtons
  • downs syndrome
22
Q

Describe how the genetic inheritance genetic diseases occurs.

A

haemophilia - sex linked, caused by a receive allele on the x chromosome

cystic fibrosis - caused by a recessive allele so individuals must be homozygous recessive

huntingtons - it is caused by the presence of a dominant allele

downs syndrome - caused by having an extra chromosome 21

23
Q

What are the (dis)advantages of amniocentesis ?

A

Advantages :
- can show if the baby will be born with a genetic condition

Disadvantages :
- carries the risk of miscarriage (about 1%)

24
Q

What are some ethical argument against genetic screening ?

A
  • who decides who can be tested
  • risks of failure
  • dilemma for carries of the disease
25
Q

What are some ethical arguments for genetic screening ?

A
  • making genetic info available to insurance companies

- ^^^ and doctors

26
Q

What is genetic engineering ?

A

process that modifies the genome of an organism to introduce desirable qualities

27
Q

What enzymes are used to cut the DNA ?

A

restriction enzymes

28
Q

What do restriction enzymes produce ?

A

’ sticky ends ‘

29
Q

How do you genetically engineer large amounts of human insulin ?

A
  • transfer the human insulin gene into bacteria
  • allow bacteria to culture in a fermentor + reproduce
  • offspring will now contain the human insulin gene
30
Q

Describe down streaming

A

The insulin needs to be extracted , purified and packaged before it can be used for medical purposes

31
Q

What are the advantages of pricing human insulin in this way ?

A
  • insulin wasn’t genetically identical when taken from animals
  • ethical issues about using animal products
  • extraction was time consuming

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