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Biology > Chapter 6 - Cell Continuity And Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cell Continuity And Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All cells develop

A

From pre-existing cells

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2
Q

3 steps to form a new cell

A
  • Produce cells it will need
  • grow larger
  • reproduce to for a new cell
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3
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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4
Q

Each chromosome has how many genes?

A

1000s

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5
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Made of DNA and protein

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6
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

When chromosomes are not dividing what are they called?

A

Chromatin

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8
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

A

Two sets

I.e. It has two of each type of chromosome in the nucleus

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9
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

On set

I.e. It has only one set of each type of chromosomes in the nucleus

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10
Q

How are chromosomes grouped in diploid cells?

A

Chromosomes are in pairs in diploid cells called homologous pairs

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11
Q

How are diploid cells symbolised?

A

2n

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12
Q

How are haploid cells symbolised?

A

n

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13
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human diploid cell given?

A

2n=46

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14
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human haploid cell given?

A

n=23

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15
Q

Cell cycle

A

The life cycle of a cell

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16
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • interphase

- mitosis

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17
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • 90% of the cell cycle

- cell grows, replicated its organelles and duplicates its DNA

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18
Q

During interphase DNA is in the form of….

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes, creating two new cells called daughter cells which are identical to each other

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20
Q

What does ‘passed my algebra test’ stand for?

A

The four stages of mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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21
Q

Three parts of prophase

A
  • chromosomes contract and become visible as a duplicated strand
  • fibres appear in cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane starts to break down
22
Q

How are the total number of chromosomes in a human haploid cell given?

A

n=23

23
Q

Cell cycle

A

The life cycle of a cell

24
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • interphase

- mitosis

25
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • 90% of the cell cycle

- cell grows, replicated its organelles and duplicates its DNA

26
Q

During interphase DNA is in the form of….

A

Chromatin

27
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes, creating two new cells called daughter cells which are identical to each other

28
Q

What does ‘passed my algebra test’ stand for?

A

The four stages of mitosis

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
29
Q

Three parts of prophase

A
  • chromosomes contract and become visible as a duplicated strand
  • fibres appear in cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane starts to break down
30
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • the nuclear membrane is fully broken down
  • chromosomes thicken even more
  • spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere
  • chromosomes line up across the centre of cell at the equator
  • each chromosomes has 2 spindle fibres attached, one from each side of the cell
31
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • tribes contract, chromosomes pull apart

- strand is pulled to opposite end of cell (pole)

32
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane forms around each of the chromosome sets

- chromosomes elongate within the nucleus and mitosis is complete

33
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

How the cell divides into two daughter cells after mitosis is complete

34
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • contractile, pinching the cell into two parts

- the pinch crease is called the cleavage furrow

35
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • their cell wall is too stiff to be pinched into two cells
  • a line of vesicles containing cellulose form a cell plat down the centre of the cell, creating two daughter cells separated by a new wall
36
Q

Vesicles

A

Building blocks for a cell plate which divides a plant cell after mitosis, containing cellulose

37
Q

What is a cell plate?

A

The new cell wall formed between the two new daughter cells after plant mitosis

38
Q

Function of mitosis in unicellular organisms

A

-a form of reproduction

39
Q

Functions of mitosis in multicellular organisms

A
  • produces new cells not new individuals

- responsible for growth and renewal and repair of cells

40
Q

What is cancer?

A

-A disorder where the cells lose their ability to control
•the rate of mitosis and
•the number of times mitosis takes place

41
Q

The rate of cell division is usually …

A

Carefully controlled

42
Q

Benign tumours

A
  • “kind”
  • not life threatening
  • do not invade other tissues
  • cells stop dividing after some time
    eg. Warts and skin tags
43
Q

What are Malignant tumours?

A
  • uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells
  • invade other cells and move around the body
  • cancer cells divide indefinitely
44
Q

What is mestastasis?

A

Movement of malignant tumours invading other cells and around the body

45
Q

Oncogenes

A

Cancer causing genes

46
Q

What are carcinogens

A

Cancer causing agents eg. Cigarette smoke, asbestos fibres, ultraviolet radiation and some viruses

47
Q

Possible cures for cancer

A
  • Radiation (burn out cancer)
  • Chemotherapy (chemicals slow down mitosis)
  • Surgery
48
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

Eg. Egg and sperm

49
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Form of cell division where one cell divides into four with each new daughter cell containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

50
Q

Two functions of meiosis

A

1) Allows sexual reproduction without increasing the number of chromosomes in the offspring
2) Allows for new combinations of genes

Biology (12 decks)

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