Chapter 4 - Cell Diversity Flashcards
Cells diversify their structure to…
Suit their function
Three examples of cells
1) Nerve
2) Blood
3) Muscle
Tissue
A group of similar cells that are adapted to carry out the same function
Three Plant Tissue examples
1) Meristematic tissue
- dividing
2) Dermal tissue
- protecting
3) Ground tissue
- packing
Three animal tissue examples and what they do
1) Epithelial tissue
- line the body
2) Connective tissue
- hold the body together
3) Muscular tissue
- move the body
Plant tissue example- Epidermis
- A single layer of cells that surrounds the different parts of a plant
- the skin on the outside of herbaceous (non-woody) plants
- it protects and it’s cuticle prevents water loss
Plant tissues example, vascular tissue
- complete tissue of xylem and phloem
- located in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers, in vascular bundles
- it transports materials around the plant from root to leaves, and supports the plant
Xylem
Transports water and minerals around the plant
Phloem
Transports food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant
Animal tissue eg. Nervous tissue
- Made of nerve cells called nerurons, which may be bundled together and wrapped in connective tissue to form nerves.
- located in the brain and spinal chord
- they carry impulses/stimuli/messages to and from the brain and spinal chord
Animal tissue eg. Muscle tissue
- Located throughout the body and contracts to move parts of the body
- eg. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Tissue culture
The growth of tissues in or on an artificial medium outside an organism
It issue culture growth is by
Mitosis
Tissue culture growth produces a cluster of
Identical offspring, (a clone)
Seven Conditions needed for growth of tissue culture
1) Sterile
2) Oxygen
3) Nutrients
4) Growth factors and hormones
5) Correct pH
6) Optimum temperature
7) Freedom from competition
Sterile
Absence of contamination
Micropropagation
The growth of large numbers of plants from very small plant pieces
Callus
•A clump of similar cells produced by micropropagation
How does a callus get to a plant in micropropagation
•The growing conditions are changed so that the callus continues to grow to form an embryo and then a young plant that can be transferred to the soil
5 Benefits of micropropagation
1) A large number of plants are produced in a short time
2) Plants are genetically identical to parent
3) Inexpensive way to produce large numbers of similar plants
4) Don’t need pollinators or seeds
5) Producing plants that are disease resistant and virus free
The two Disadvantages of micropropagation
1) All offspring are susceptible to the same diseases
2) Long p-term micropropagation can lead to plants becoming sterile
Difference between animal tissue culture vs. plant tissue culture
•Human cells tend to grow in single layered sheets rather than clumps
Three improvements in animal culture
1) Growing skin cells to replace burnt skin
2) Bone tissue and cartilage grown for use in reconstructive surgery
3) Some success in growing large quantities of cells that produce a specific chemical eg. Insulin producing cells
Organ…
•A structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions
Six examples of plant organs
1) Stem
2) Leaf
3) Flower
4) Seeds
5) Fruits
6) Roots
Leaf
•Leaves contains dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue which all combine so that the leaf can carry out photosynthesis
6 animal organs
1) Heart
2) Stomach
3) Liver
4) Lungs
5) Skin
6) Intestine
Heart
- Contains cardiac muscle(muscular tissue), pericardium (epithelial tissue), blood and blood vessels (connective tissue) and nerves (nervous tissue).
- It’s function is to pump blood
Organ systems
A number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions
Circulatory system
- consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
- includes lymph vessels and lymph
- transports materials and fights infection
Digestive system
- consists of mouth, oesophageal, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus (also liver and pancreas)
- takes in food, digests it, and transfers it to blood so that it is carried to all cells
Organism
A group of systems functioning together for living eg. Human
Cell organisation example
Blood cell Blood Heart Circulatory Human
