Chapter 6: Aldehyde and Ketones I: Electrophilicity and Oxidation-Reduction

Question 1

carbonyl

Answer 1

double bond between a crarbon and a oxygen

Question 2

aldehydes nomenclature, replace the -e for _____

Answer 2

sufiix -al

Question 3

when aldehydes are named as substituints, use the prefix

Answer 3

oxo-

Question 4

form-

Answer 4

one-carbon

Question 5

acet-

Answer 5

two-carbon

Question 6

propi-

Answer 6

three-carbon

Question 7

ketone nomenclature, replace the
-e for _____

Answer 7

-one

Question 8

when ketone are named as substituints, use the prefix

Answer 8

oxo- or keto-

Question 9

most common electrophile

Answer 9

oxygen is more electronegative and pulls electrons away from the carbon, making the carbon electrophilic and good target for nucleophilee

Question 10

aldehyde can be formed by the oxidation of

Answer 10

primary alcohol

Question 11

ketone can be formed by the oxidation of

Answer 11

secondary alcohol

Question 12

hydration

Answer 12

in the presence of water, aldehydes and ketones react to form geminal diols, the nucleophilic oxygen in water attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon

Question 13

acetal and ketal

Answer 13

when 2 equivalents of alcohol are added the reaction proceed from hemiactel and hemiketal to form these

the hydroxyl group in the hemiactel and hemiketal is propotaned under acidic conditions and lost as a molecule of water, a carbocation is formed and another equivalent alcohol attacks this carbocation

Question 14

hemiactel and hemiketal

Answer 14

when on equivalent of alcohol is added to an aldehyde or ketone the product is hemiactel and hemiketal, they can be recognized by the retention of hydroxyl group

Question 15

imine and enamines

Answer 15

Nitrogen functional groups act as good nucleophiles due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. and react with the electrophilic carbonyls of aldehydes and ketones.

Ammonia adds to the carbon atom in water is lost producing a imine a compound with the nitrogen atom double bonded to carbon atom

Question 16

cyanohydrins

Answer 16

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a classic nucleophile, after the hydrogen disassociates. The nucleophilic cyanide anion can attack the carbonyl carbon atom, producing cuanohydrins

Question 17

Oxidizing agents that are stronger than PCC that can perform an oxidation from aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

Answer 17

KMnO4, CrO3, Ag2O

Question 18

Reduction by hydride reagents, aldehydes, and ketones can also undergo Reduction to form alcohols. This is often performed with ___

Answer 18

LIAlH4, NaBH4