Chapter 4: Analyzing Organic Reactions

Question 1

Ka (acid dissociation constant

Answer 1

Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]

Question 2

pKa

Answer 2

pKa = -log Ka

Question 3

Amphoteric

Answer 3

Al(OH)3, HCO3^- and HSO4^-

Question 4

Functional groups tha act as a acid

Answer 4

alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

Question 5

Functional groups tha act as a base

Answer 5

amines and amides

Question 6

Bond strength decreases downt hr periodic table

Answer 6

acidity increases

Question 7

alpha-hydrigen in a alpha-carbon (which is a carobon adjacent to the carbonyl)

Answer 7

these are acidic hydrogens that are easily lost

Question 8

most nucleophiles

Answer 8

CHON with a negative sign

Question 9

things thta affect nucleophilicity

Answer 9

1)Charge
2)electronegativity
3)steric hindrance
4)solvent

Question 10

polar protic

Answer 10

solvent increases down the periodic table

Question 11

polar aprotic

Answer 11

solvent increases up the periodic table

Question 12

polar protic

Answer 12

I > Br > Cl > F

Question 13

polar aprotic

Answer 13

F > Cl > Br > I

Question 14

Good leaving groups

Answer 14

I- Br- and Cl-

Question 15

Sn1 reactions

Answer 15

Step 1: formation of carboaion
Step 2: nucleophilic attack

Question 16

Sn2 reactions (concerted)

Answer 16

backside attack

Question 17

Levels of Oxidation

Answer 17

Level 0: alakanes
Level 1: alcohols, alkyl halides and amines
Level 2: aldehydes, ketones and imines
Level 3: carboxylic acid, anhydrides, esters, amides
Level 4: carbon dioxide

Question 18

diols

Answer 18

good for protecting ketones