CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diapragm and above the pelvis
Abdomen
The depression on the lateral pelvis where its 3 component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snuggly
Acetabulum
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the thyroid cartilage
Adam’s Apple
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Glands
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
Adrenergic
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Metabolism
Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the heart has stopped; seen in dying patients
Agonal Gasps
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiologic source; it is the least harmful penetrating type of radiation and cannot travel more than a few inches or penetrate most objects
Alpha
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
Alpha-adrenergic Receptors
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Alveoli
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid
Anaerobic Metabolism
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
Anatomic Position
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart, which receives blood from the left vintricle and delivers it to all the other arteries that carry blood to the tissues of the body
Aorta
The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
Appendix
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries
Arterioles
A blood vessel, consisting of three layers of tissue and smooth muscle, that carries blood away from the heart
Artery
A pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints
Articular Cartilage
One of two (right and left) upper chamgers of the heart. The right receives blood from the vena cava and delivers it to the right ventricle. The left receives blood from pulmonary veins and delivers it to the left ventricle
Atrium
The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities of the body, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column and rib cage
Axial Skeleton
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
Ball-and-socket Joint
A type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiologic source; it is slightly more penetrating than alpha and requires a layer of clothing to stop it
Beta
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
Beta-adrenergic Receptors
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
Biceps
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
Bile Ducts
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
Blood Pressure (BP)
The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
Brachial Artery
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses and judgement
Brain
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
Brain Stem
The tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood
Capillary Vessels
The heart muscle
Cardiac Muscle
A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
Cardiac Output
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
Carotid Artery
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septim and portions of the outer ear
Carilage
The first part of the large intesting, into which the ileum opens
Cecum
The brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
One of the 3 major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements
Cerebellum
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The largest part of the 3 subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions and personality
Cerebrum
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first 7 vertebrae that lie in the neck. The skull rests on and attaches to the first and second vertebrae.
Cervical Spine
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the values in the heart and prevent them from inverting
Chordae Tendineae
The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
Chyme
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioules, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
Circulatory System
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
Clavicle
The last 3-4 vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone
Coccyx
The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye
Cornea
An imaginary plan where the body is divided into front and back parts
Coronal Plane (frontal)
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. It contains the brain
Cranium
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms from the lower part of the larlynx
Caricoid Cartilage
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricuid cartilages that make up the larynx
Cricothyroid Membrane
The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange; in some contexts, any portion of the airway that does not contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
Dead Space
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
Dermis
A musculate dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
Diaphragm
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
Diastole
A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
Digestion
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones; also regulates metabolism and maintains homeostasis
Endocrine System
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific ractions
Enzymes
The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
Epidermis
A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
Epiglottis
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline) that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system; also, a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies, that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction. It also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree
Epinephrine
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
Esophagus
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,2000 mL in the average adult man
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus; the primary location for fertilization of the ovum
Fallopian Tubes
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groun area
Femoral artery
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Femoral Head
The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
Femur
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foramen Magnum
The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
Frontal Bone
A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
Gallbladder
The reproductive system in men and women
Genital System
The deepest layor of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
Germinal Layer
The space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway; also called the glottic opening
Glottis
A bony prominence on the provimal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
Greater Trochanter
The small organs that produce hair
Hair Follicles
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1min)
Heart Rate
Joints that can bend and straighten out but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
Hinge Joints
A chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs and tissues; regulates many body functions including metabolism, growth and body temperature
Hormone
The supporting bone of the upper arm
Humerus
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
Hydrostatic Pressure
A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases
Hypoxic Drive
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ilium
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the hart
Inferior Vena Cava
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The space between the cells
Interstitial Space
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
Involuntary Muscle
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Ischium
The place where two bones come in contact
Joint
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
Jount Capsul
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
Kidneys
Breathing that requires greater than notmal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and characterized by grunting, stridor, and use of accessory muscles
Labored Breathing
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolis)
Lactic Acid
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
Large Intestine
The projection on the medical/superior portion of the femur
Lesser Trochanter
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
Ligament
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
Liver
The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine
Lumbar Spine
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and abck into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
Lymph
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
Lymph Nodes
The bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
The upper quarter of the sternum
Manubrium
The uppper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
Maxillae
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla Oblongata
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells
Metabolism
The part of the brain that is reponsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
Midbrain
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Midsagittal Plane (axial)
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
Minute Volume
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
Motor Nerves
The linings of body cavities and passages that are in direct or indirect contact with the outside environment
Mucous Membranes
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings
Mucus
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
Musculoskeletal System
The nasal cavity, or part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth; formed by the union of facial bones and protects the respiratory tract from contaminants
Nasopharynx
The system that control virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
Nervous System
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shockl produces vasocontriction through its alpha-stimulator properties
Norepinephrine
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occiput
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the prescence of plasma proteins
Oncotic Pressure
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
Orbit
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea; forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue
Oropharynx
The primary female reproductive organs that produce sex hormones and an ovum, or egg, that, if fertilized, will develop into a fetus
Ovaries
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
Pancreas
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions such as digestion of food and relaxation, mediated largely by the vegus nerve through the chemical acetylcholine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
Parietal Bones
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Patella
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
Pathophysiology
The circulation of oxygenated blood through body tissues and vessels
Perfusion
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
Peristalsis
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
Plasma
Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
Platelets
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
Pleura
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
Pleural Space
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
Pons
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
Posterior Tibial Artery
A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
Prostate Gland
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
Pubic Symphysis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
Pubis
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; carries oxygen-poor blood
Pulmonary Artery
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
The 4 veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Veins
The pressure wave created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries
Pulse
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
Radial Artery
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
Radius
The lowermost end of the colon
Rectum
Calls that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
Renal Pelvis
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Residual Volume
The physiologic process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide, or, in the context of environmental emergencies, the loss of body heat as warm air in the lungs is exhaled into the atmoshpere and cooler air is inhaled
Respiration
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
Respiratory Compromise
All structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts. Nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Also inculdes lungs, diaphragm, muscles of the chest wall, and accessory muscles of breathing.
Respiratory System
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness. specifically one’s level of arousal
Reticular Activating System
Behind the abdominal cavity
Retroperitoneal
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
Sacroiliac Joint
One of three bones (along with the two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
Sagittal (lateral) plan
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
Salivary Glands
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
Scalp
The shoulder blade
Scapula
Glands that produce and oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs
Sebaceous Glands
Fluid ejaculated from the penis containing sperm
Semen
Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
Seminal Vesicles
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation, and therefore inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery, to maintain normal cellular functions; also called hypoperfusion
Shock
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
Shoulder Girdle
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muschle
Skeletal Muscle
The framework that gives the body it’s recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs. 206 bones, divided into 2 sections; axial and appendicular skeleton.
Skeleton
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small Intestine
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
Smooth Muscle
The part of the nervous system that regulated activities over which there is voluntary control
Somatic Nervous System
Circular muscles that encircle and, by contracting, constrict a duct, tube, or opening. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
Sphincters
A device used to measure blood pressure
A sphygmomanometer
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal
Spinal Cord
The breast bone
Sternum
The outermost or dead layer of skin
Stratum Corneal Layer
An interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Stroke
The volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
Stroke Volume
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
Subcutaneous Tissue
One of the 2 largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck and chest into the heart
Superior Vena Cava
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
Sweat Glands
The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear (AKA the “fight or flight” system)
Sympathetic Nervous System
A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
Symphysis
The small amount of liquid within a joint is used as lubrication
Synovial Fluid
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
Synovial Membrane
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic Circulation
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
Systole
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
Temporal Bones
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
Testicle
The chest or rib cage
Thoracic Cage
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of these vertebrae
Thoracic Spine
The chest cavity that contains the hear, lungs, esophagus and great vessels (the aorta and two venae cavae). Formed by 12 thoracicc vertebrae (T1-T12) and their 12 pairs of ribs.
Thorax
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam’s apple
Thyroid Cartilage
The shinbone;the larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg, responsible or supporting the major weight-bearing surface of the knee and ankle
Tibia
The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved in or out of the lungs during one relaxed breath; about 500mL for an adult
Tidal Volume
The superficial landmark of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
Topographic Anatomy
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
Trachea
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
Transverse (Axial) Plane
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
Tricep
The middle and thickest layer or fissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
Tunica Media
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite of the thumb
Ulna
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Ureter
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
Urethra
A sac behind the pubid symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
Urinary Bladder
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
Urinary System
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs
V/Q Ratio
The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia); the lower part of the birth canal
Vagina
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
Vasa Deferntia
The blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart
Veins
Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT
Ventilation
One of 2 (right and left) lower chambers of the heart. The left chamber receives blood from the left atrium (upper chamber) and delivers blood to the aorta. The right chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.
Ventricle
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
Vertebrae
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal or striated, muscle
Voluntary Muscle
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes
White Blood Cells
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
Xiphoid Process
The quadrangular bones of the chee, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxilla, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
Zygomas
The functions of the body or any of its parts
Physiology
The skull is composed of two groups of bones:
cranium and facial bones
How many bones is the face composed of?
14 bones
How many bones is the spinal column composed of?
33 bones
What determines the degree to which a joint can move?
The extent to which the ligaments hold the bone ends together and also by the configuration of the bone ends themselves.
Upper extremities:
Shoulder girdle to the fingertips and are composed of the arm, forearm, hand, and fingers. The joints are the shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger joints
4 planes of the body
Coronal (frontal) - front and back
Transverse (axial) - top and bottom
Sagittal (lateral) - left and right
Midsagittal (midline) - left and right equal halves
3 support systems within the skeletal system
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Bones of the skull
Parietal bone Frontal bone Nasal bones Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillae Mandible Foramen magnum Occipital bone
Parts of the spinal column (33 bones, 5 sections)
Cervial vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral vertebrae (5) Coccygeal vertebrae (4)
