Chapter 6

Question 1

archaeology

Answer 1

A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment.

Question 2

archaeological record

Answer 2

All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology.

Question 3

site

Answer 3

A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity.

Question 4

artifacts

Answer 4

Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity.

Question 5

features

Answer 5

Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches.

Question 6

ethnoarchaeology

Answer 6

The study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record.

Question 7

survey

Answer 7

The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found.

Question 8

excavation

Answer 8

The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them.

Question 9

subsistence strategy

Answer 9

Different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their basic material survival needs.

Question 10

band

Answer 10

The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labor is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available.

Question 11

tribe

Answer 11

A society that is generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are still relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes certain group activities.

Question 12

sodalities

Answer 12

Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest.

Question 13

chiefdom

Answer 13

A form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.

Question 14

status

Answer 14

A particular social position in a group.

Question 15

state

Answer 15

A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force.

Question 16

**feminist archaeology

Answer 16

A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions.

Question 17

**gender archaeology

Answer 17

A research approach that addresses the needs of contemporary gender studies for an understanding of how people come to understand themselves as different from others; how people represent these differences; and how others react to such claims.

Question 18

**historical archaeology

Answer 18

The study of archaeological sites associated with written records, frequently the study of post-European contact sites in the world.

Question 19

cosmopolitanism

Answer 19

Being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

Question 20

tons of shit missing

Answer 20

in this hizzouse

Question 21

ecofacts

Answer 21

Plant residues or animal bones connected with food provisioning, which are not themselves artifacts but appear to be the by-products of human activity

Question 22

Provenance

Answer 22

The precise three-dimensional position of the find within the matrix

Question 23

Matrix

Answer 23

Immediate environment/substance in which object is found (e.g. gravel, sand, or clay)

Question 24

**Processual Archaeology

Answer 24

“sought to make archaeology an objective, empirical science in which hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be tested. Integrated mathematics and statistics into work, etc.

Question 25

**Post-Processual Archaeology

Answer 25

Stresses the symbolic and cognitive aspects of social structures and social relations. Emphasizes human agency and the power of ideas and values in construction of ancient cultures. Non-objective.

Question 26

Archaeology as Civic Engagement

Answer 26

Involvement and participation in public life, especially in directing people’s attention to “the historical roots and present-day manifestations of contemporary social justice issues.” Connecting archaeologists and their work to the communities connected in one way or another.