Chapter 10

Question 1

**Play

Answer 1

A framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is non play by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world.

Question 2

metacommunication

Answer 2

Communication about the process of communication itself.

Question 3

framing

Answer 3

A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or as “ordinary life.”

Question 4

**reflexivity

Answer 4

Critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one’s own experience.

Question 5

**art

Answer 5

Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation.

Question 6

myths

Answer 6

Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works.

Question 7

orthodoxy

Answer 7

“Correct doctrine”; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts.

Question 8

**ritual

Answer 8

A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.

Question 9

**rite of passage

Answer 9

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another.

Question 10

liminality

Answer 10

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions.

Question 11

communitas

Answer 11

An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.

Question 12

orthopraxy

Answer 12

“Correct practice”; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior.

Question 13

**worldviews

Answer 13

Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies.

Question 14

**religion

Answer 14

“Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses” (Bowen 2002).

Question 15

**shaman

Answer 15

A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups.

Question 16

**priest

Answer 16

A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group.

Question 17

witchcraft

Answer 17

The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware.

Question 18

magic

Answer 18

A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes.

Question 19

oracles

Answer 19

Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful.

Question 20

syncretism

Answer 20

The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force.

Question 21

revitalization

Answer 21

A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.

Question 22

nativism

Answer 22

A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony.

Question 23

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Answer 23

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Question 24

AFC Wallaces Minimal Categories of Religious Behavior

Answer 24

Prayer: way of addressing cosmic forcesPhysiological Exercise: inducing ecstatic spiritual stateExhortation: certain people have closer relationships with cosmic forces than othersMana: impersonal superhuman power believed to be transferableTaboo: objects/people can’t be touchedFeasts: eating and drinking in religious contextSacrifice: giving something of value to invisible forces or their agents

Question 25

Physiological Exercise (min categories o religion), what are four ways of inducing it?

Answer 25

inducing ecstatic spiritual state thru drugs, sensory deprivation, mortification of flesh by pain, sleeplessness or fatigue, and deprivation of food, air and water

Question 26

Examples of mana

Answer 26

.laying on of hands, healing power enters body of sick to remove illness.cameroon, ppl believe ink used to copy passages from Qur’an have power, drink it.

Question 27

Examples of taboos

Answer 27

.Catholics not to touch Host during communion.Jews may not touch handwritten text of biblical scrolls.ancient polynesia, commoners couldn’t touch chief.foods may or may not eat

Question 28

Examples of Feast

Answer 28

.Holy Communion of Catholics and Protestants.Passover Seder for Jews.Huichol of Mexico and consumption of peyote.everyday meals sometimes begin with prayer

Question 29

Azande and Witchcraft

Answer 29

.blame witchcraft for most misfortune, unless cause is obvious.older the witch the more dangerous.people react with anger to witchcraft.consulted oracles to expose witches by poisoning chickens.people usually unaware of themselves being witches

Question 30

Origin of Halloween

Answer 30

Began 2kya in Ireland, England, Northern France with festival of Samhain of the celts (origins in pagan religion)

Question 31

How did Festival of Samhain change?

Answer 31

Rise of christianity changed it to All Saints Day, to honor saints.they then made a day called all souls day for the next day, for honoring the dead

Question 32

Orthodoxy

Answer 32

myths that are codified and can lead to punishment of those who question them

Question 33

Orthopraxy

Answer 33

When every act of everyday life is ritualized and other forms of behavior strongly discouraged.traditionally practice by jews and muslims

Question 34

What happened on All Souls Day?

Answer 34

.Ghosts of the dead returned to earth.People would where disguises to hide from ghosts.carving of turnips as lanterns (later pumpkins).collection of soul cakes, now practice by children who collect candy.would originally get cakes for praying for the dead to people

Question 35

Worldviews

Answer 35

.encompassing pictures of reality created by members of societies.people use shared cultural assumptions about how the world works