Chapter 13

Question 1

**relatedness

Answer 1

The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways.

Question 2

**kinship systems

Answer 2

Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.

Question 3

**marriage

Answer 3

An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.

Question 4

**descent

Answer 4

The principle based on culturally recognized parent–child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.

Question 5

adoption

Answer 5

Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.

Question 6

sex

Answer 6

Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.

Question 7

gender

Answer 7

Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.

Question 8

**bilateral descent

Answer 8

Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.

Question 9

lineages

Answer 9

The consanguineal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors.

Question 10

**patrilineage

Answer 10

A social group formed by people connected by fatherchild links.

Question 11

**matrilineage

Answer 11

A social group formed by people connected by motherchild links.

Question 12

clan

Answer 12

A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links.

Question 13

segmentary opposition

Answer 13

A mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level.

Question 14

bridewealth

Answer 14

The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife”s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.

Question 15

**affinity

Answer 15

Connection through marriage.

Question 16

collaterality

Answer 16

A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side”, linked to the speaker by a lineal relative.

Question 17

bifurcation

Answer 17

A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which kinship terms referring to the mother’s side of the family are distinguished from those referring to the father’s side.

Question 18

parallel cousins

Answer 18

The children of a person’s parents’ same-gender siblings (a father’s brother’s children or a mother’s sister’s children).

Question 19

cross cousins

Answer 19

The children of a person’s parents’ opposite-gender siblings (a father’s sister’s children or a mother’s brother’s children).

Question 20

**ascribed statuses

Answer 20

Social positions people are assigned at birth.

Question 21

**achieved statuses

Answer 21

Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effort.

Question 22

marriage

Answer 22

An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.

Question 23

affinal relationships

Answer 23

Kinship connections through marriage, or affinity.

Question 24

consanguineal relationships

Answer 24

Kinship connections based on descent.

Question 25

**endogamy

Answer 25

Marriage within a defined social group.

Question 26

**exogamy

Answer 26

Marriage outside a defined social group.

Question 27

neolocal residence

Answer 27

A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing.

Question 28

**patrilocal residence

Answer 28

A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s father.

Question 29

**matrilocal residence

Answer 29

A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife’s mother.

Question 30

avunculocal residence

Answer 30

A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).

Question 31

**monogamy

Answer 31

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time.

Question 32

**polygamy

Answer 32

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time.

Question 33

**polygyny

Answer 33

A marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time.

Question 34

**polyandry

Answer 34

A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.

Question 35

bridewealth

Answer 35

The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.

Question 36

dowry

Answer 36

The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage.

Question 37

family

Answer 37

Minimally, a woman and her dependent children.

Question 38

**conjugal family

Answer 38

A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife (a spousal pair) and their children.

Question 39

**nonconjugal family

Answer 39

A woman and her children; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent.

Question 40

**nuclear family

Answer 40

A family pattern made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children.

Question 41

**extended family

Answer 41

A family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren.

Question 42

**joint family

Answer 42

A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together

Question 43

**blended family

Answer 43

A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families.

Question 44

friendship

Answer 44

The relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice.

Question 45

sexual practices

Answer 45

Emotional or affectional relationships between sexual partners and the physical activities they engage in with one another.