Chapter 13 Flashcards
**relatedness
The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways.
**kinship systems
Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.
**marriage
An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
**descent
The principle based on culturally recognized parent–child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.
adoption
Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.
sex
Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.
gender
Kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.
**bilateral descent
Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction.
lineages
The consanguineal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors.
**patrilineage
A social group formed by people connected by fatherchild links.
**matrilineage
A social group formed by people connected by motherchild links.
clan
A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links.
segmentary opposition
A mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level.
bridewealth
The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife”s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
**affinity
Connection through marriage.
collaterality
A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side”, linked to the speaker by a lineal relative.
bifurcation
A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which kinship terms referring to the mother’s side of the family are distinguished from those referring to the father’s side.
parallel cousins
The children of a person’s parents’ same-gender siblings (a father’s brother’s children or a mother’s sister’s children).
cross cousins
The children of a person’s parents’ opposite-gender siblings (a father’s sister’s children or a mother’s brother’s children).
**ascribed statuses
Social positions people are assigned at birth.
**achieved statuses
Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effort.
marriage
An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked.
affinal relationships
Kinship connections through marriage, or affinity.
consanguineal relationships
Kinship connections based on descent.
**endogamy
Marriage within a defined social group.
**exogamy
Marriage outside a defined social group.
neolocal residence
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing.
**patrilocal residence
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s father.
**matrilocal residence
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife’s mother.
avunculocal residence
A postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).
**monogamy
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time.
**polygamy
A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time.
**polygyny
A marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time.
**polyandry
A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
bridewealth
The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
dowry
The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage.
family
Minimally, a woman and her dependent children.
**conjugal family
A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife (a spousal pair) and their children.
**nonconjugal family
A woman and her children; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent.
**nuclear family
A family pattern made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children.
**extended family
A family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren.
**joint family
A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together
**blended family
A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families.
friendship
The relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice.
sexual practices
Emotional or affectional relationships between sexual partners and the physical activities they engage in with one another.
