Chapter 4

Question 1

**anthropomorphism

Answer 1

The attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman animals.

Question 2

**taxonomy

Answer 2

A biological classification of various kinds of organisms.

Question 3

**taxon

Answer 3

Each species, as well as each group of related species, at any level in a taxonomic hierarchy.

Question 4

**morphology

Answer 4

The physical shape and size of an organism or its body parts.

Question 5

**homology

Answer 5

Genetic inheritance due to common ancestry.

Question 6

**analogy

Answer 6

Convergent, or parallel, evolution, as when two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment.

Question 7

**ecological niche

Answer 7

Any species’ way of life: what it eats and how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators.

Question 8

dentition

Answer 8

The sizes, shapes, and number of an animal’s teeth.

Question 9

prehensile

Answer 9

The ability to grasp, with fingers, toes, or tail.

Question 10

diurnal

Answer 10

Describes animals that are active during the day.

Question 11

hominins

Answer 11

Humans and their immediate ancestors.

Question 12

**sexual dimorphism

Answer 12

The observable phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species.

Question 13

cranium

Answer 13

The bones of the head, excluding the jaw.

Question 14

mandible

Answer 14

The lower jaw.

Question 15

postcranial skeleton

Answer 15

The bones of the body, excluding those of the head.

Question 16

stereoscopic vision

Answer 16

A form of vision in which the visual field of each eye of a two-eyed (binocular) animal overlaps with the other, producing depth perception.

Question 17

nocturnal

Answer 17

Describes animals that are active during the night.

Question 18

Primate

Answer 18

A primate is a mammal of the order Primates, which contains prosimians and simians.

Question 19

Ape

Answer 19

Apes are Old World anthropoid mammals, more specifically a clade of tailless catarrhine primates, belonging to the biological superfamily Hominoidea.

Question 20

Monkey

Answer 20

A monkey is a primate of the Haplorrhini suborder and simian infraorder, either an Old World monkey or a New World monkey, but excluding apes and humans.

Question 21

Hominid

Answer 21

The Hominidae form a taxonomic family of primates, including four extant genera: chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas, humans, and orangutans.

Question 22

Catarrhine

Answer 22

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the higher primates (the other being the New World monkeys or platyrrhines). It contains the Old World monkeys and the apes;

“sharp-nosed”, primates
Include monkeys and hominoids (apes and humans)
Some members are arboreal (“tree dwellers”), and others are terrestrial (“ground dwellers”).
None have prehensile (“grasping”) tails

Question 23

Anthropoid

Answer 23

The simians (infraorder Simiiformes, =Anthropoidea) are the “higher primates” familiar to most people: the Old World monkeys and apes, including humans, (together being the catarrhines), and the New World monkeys or platyrrhines.

Question 24

Platyrrhine

Answer 24

New World monkeys.
“flat-nosed,” primates
Evolved separately from Old World anthropoids
All members are monkeys and are arboreal (“tree dwellers”).
Some members have prehensile (“grasping”) tails

Question 25

Still neeed to DO

Answer 25

EOCENE AND OTHER GEOLOGICAL ERAS

Question 26

Strepsirhines

Answer 26

Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia.
Have a rhinarium, or upper lip, directly attached to the gums

Question 27

Haplorhines

Answer 27

The haplorhines, the “dry-nosed” primates (the Greek name means “simple-nosed”), are members of the clade Haplorhini: the prosimian tarsiers and the anthropoids. The anthropoids are the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).
Do not have a rhinarium

Question 28

Four evolutionary grades of primates, in descending order…

Answer 28

Prosimians: lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
Anthropoids: monkeys, apes, and humans
Hominoids: apes and humans
Hominids: humans

Question 29

How are apes subdivided?

Answer 29

Lesser apes: gibbons and siamangs

Great apes: gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans

Question 30

Hominoids

Answer 30

Apes and humans differ from monkeys in teeth, skeletal shape and size, and lack a tail.
Traditional taxonomists divide hominoids into lesser apes, great apes, and humans.
Cladistic taxonomists divide hominoids into lesser apes, orangutans, and group African apes and humans together.
Humans are more closely related to chimpanzees than other hominoids.

Question 31

Six Primate Evolutionary Trends

Answer 31

Increasing brain size, relative to body size, and increased brain complexity
Decreasing facial projection and reliance on the sense of smell
Increasing dependence on sight
Decreasing number of teeth
Increasing period of infant dependence
Greater dependence on learned behavior

Question 32

Paleocene Epoch

Answer 32

(65-54 mya)

Earliest evidence for primates

Question 33

Eocene Epoch

Answer 33

(54-38 mya)

Primates are divided into adapids and omomyids

Question 34

Oligocene Epoch

Answer 34

(38-23 mya)

Earliest hominoid, or ape, fossils date to the late Oligocene.

Question 35

Miocene Epoch

Answer 35

(23 to 5 mya)
Hominoid diversity decreased during the middle Miocene (ca. 16-10 mya).
Hominins, a bipedal hominoid, appear during the late Miocene.
Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans share a common ancestor in the late Miocene.