Chapter 14 Flashcards
**structural violence
Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population.
**class
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
clientage
The institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified society.
**caste
A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one caste to another.
**race
A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes.
**racism
The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined “races” by another socially defined “race” that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule.
colorism
A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black.
ethnicity
A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality.
ethnic groups
Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of ethnicity.
nation
A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance.
nation-state
An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide.
**nationality
A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state.
nation building (or nationalism)
The attempt made by government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality.
transformist hegemony
A nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyalty.
naturalizing discourses
The deliberate representation of particular identities (e.g., caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nation) as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal and unchanging.
