Chapter 6 Flashcards
Industrial food system
One that produces high-calorie, nutrient-low, processed food that is more available, affordable, and aggressively marketed than nutritious food. It is a food system in which the goal is to maximize profit, achieved by speeding up the production process, increasing the amount produced, cutting labor costs, and finding the lowest-cost ingredients. Industrial food depends heavily on pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and fossil fuels to produce, manufacture, and transport food products.
Formal organization
Coordinating mechanisms that bring together people, resources, and technology, and then channel human activity toward achieving a specific outcome or goal.
Secondary groups
Two or more people who interact for specific purpose. Secondary groups relationship relationships are confined to a particular setting and specific task.
Voluntary organizations
Formal organizations that draw together people who give time, talent, or treasure to support mutual interest, meet important human needs, or achieve a non-for-profit goal
Coercive organizations
Formal organizations that draw in people who have no choice, but to participate; such organizations include those dedicated to compulsion socialization or to re-socialization or treatment of individuals labeled as deviant
Utilitarian organizations
Formal organizations that draw together people seeking material gain in the formal of pay, health, benefits, or a new status
Bureaucracy
An organizational structure put in place to achieve some value goal by using the most efficient means to coordinate human activity
Ideal type
A deliberate, simplification, or caricature that exaggerates to finding characteristics, that thus establishing a standard against which real cases can be compared
Formal dimension
The official aspect of an organization, including job, descriptions and written rules, guidelines, and procedures established to achieve valued goals
Informal dimension
The unofficial aspect of an organization, including behaviors that depart from the formal dimension, such as employee generated norms that evade, bypass, or ignore official rules, guidelines, and procedures
Rationalization
A process in which thought and action, rooted in emotion, superstition, respect for mysterious forces or traditions is replaced by instrumental, rational, thought in action
McDonaldization of society
The process by which the principles of fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society, as well as the rest of the world
Efficiency
And organizations claim of offering the best products and services, which allow consumers to move quickly from one day to being to another, for example, from Hungary to full, from fat to thin, or from uneducated to educated
Quantification in calculation
Numerical indicators that enable customers to evaluate a product or service easily
Predictability
The expectation that a service or product will be the same no matter where or when it is purchased
Control
The guiding, monitoring, and regulating of the production and delivery of service or product
Iron cage of rationality
The set of rationality generated by supposedly irrational systems
Transnational corporations
Enterprise that own, control, or license, production or service facilities in countries, other than the one where the corporations are headquartered
Externality costs
Hidden cost of using, making, or disposing of a product that are not figured into the price of the product or paid for by the producer
Trained incapacity
The inability, because of specialized training, to respond to a new or unusual circumstances, or to recognize one official rules or procedure should not apply or maybe doing harm
Statistical measures of performance
Quantitative, and sometimes qualitative measures of how well an organization and its members or employees are performing
Oligarchy
Rule by the view, or the concentration of decision-making power, and the hands of few people, who hold the top positions in a hierarchy
Professionalization
A trend in which organizations hire experts with formal training in a particular subject or activity training, - needed to be archive or organizational goals
Alienation
A state of being in which human life is dominated by the forces of its inventions
