Chapter 2

Question 1

Function

Answer 1

The contribution of part of a society makes to an existing social order

Question 2

Social order

Answer 2

Refers to the way people have organized interaction and other activities to achieve some valued goal – to take care of the sick, to pass on knowledge, to encourage interest in robots, and so on

Question 3

Manifest functions

Answer 3

Intended or anticipated effects that a part has an existing social order

Question 4

Latent functions

Answer 4

Unintended or un anticipated effects the part has on the existing order

Question 5

Dysfunctions

Answer 5

Disrupted consequences of a part to the existing social order or some segment within that social order

Question 6

Manifest dysfunction

Answer 6

A parts an anticipated disruption to existing social order

Question 7

Latent dysfunctions

Answer 7

Unintended, un anticipated disruptions to an existing social order

Question 8

Decade of legitimacy

Answer 8

In explanation to justify the existing social arrangements that downplay or dismisses any possibility that the arrangement advantages some groups over others

Question 9

Social interaction

Answer 9

Every day encounters in which people communicate, interpret, and respond to each other’s words and actions

Question 10

Symbol

Answer 10

Any kind of physical phenomenon, to which people assign a name, meaning, or value

Question 11

Negotiated order

Answer 11

The sum of existing expectations in newly negotiated ones

Question 12

Research methods

Answer 12

Various strategies that sociologist and other scientist used to formulate or answer meaningful research questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data gathered

Question 13

Scientific method

Answer 13

A carefully planned data – gathering and data – analysis process that researchers open to outside critique and replication

Question 14

Objectivity

Answer 14

A stance in which researchers personal, or subjective, used do not influence their observations or the outcomes of the research

Question 15

Self administrative questionnaire

Answer 15

A set of questions given to respondent who read the instructions and fill in the answers themselves

Question 16

Interviews

Answer 16

Face-to-face, telephone, or electronically mediated conversations between an interviewer and a respondent, in which the interviewer ask questions and records, the respondent answers

Question 17

Structured interview

Answer 17

An interview in which the wording and sequence of the questions are set in advanced and cannot be changed during the interview

Question 18

Unstructured interview

Answer 18

An interview in which the question and answer sequence is spontaneous, open ended, in flexible

Question 19

Observation

Answer 19

A research research technique in which researcher watches, listens to, and records, behavior and conversations as they happen

Question 20

Non-participant observation

Answer 20

A research technique in which the researcher observes study participants without interacting with them

Question 21

Participant observation

Answer 21

A research technique in which the researcher observed study participants while directly interacting with them

Question 22

Hawthorne effect

Answer 22

A phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavior when they learn they are being observed

Question 23

Secondary source (archival data)

Answer 23

Data that have been collected by other researchers for some other Professor

Question 24

Variable

Answer 24

Any behavior or characteristic that consists of more than one category

Question 25

Operational definitions

Answer 25

Clear, precise, definitions, and instructions about how to observe, and/or measure the variables under study

Question 26

Reliability

Answer 26

The extent to which an operational definition gives consistent results

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

The degree to which the described measure actually measures what it claims to measure

Question 28

Hypothesis

Answer 28

A trial explanation put forward as the focus of research; it predicts how independent independent variables are related, and how a dependent variable will change when an independent variable changes

Question 29

Dependent variable

Answer 29

The variable to be explained or predicted

Question 30

Independent variable

Answer 30

The variable they explained to predict the dependent variable

Question 31

Control variables

Answer 31

Variables, other than independent variables that are associated with the both the dependent and the independent variables, and that researchers hold consistent so they can focus on just the relationship between the independent variable and the

Question 32

Generalizability

Answer 32

The extent to which findings can be applied to larger populations from which a sample is drawn

Question 33

Sample

Answer 33

Portions of the cases from a large population

Question 34

Random sample

Answer 34

A type of sample in which every case in the population has equal a chance of being selected

Question 35

Representative sample

Answer 35

A type of sample in which those selected for study has the same distribution of characteristics as the population from point selected