Chapter 11

Question 1

authoritarian government

Answer 1

A system of government in which there is no separation of power and a single person (dictator), group (family, military, single party), or social class holds all power.

Question 2

authority

Answer 2

Legitimate power in which people believe that the differences in power are just and proper—that is, people view a leader as being entitled to give orders.

Question 3

capitalism

Answer 3

A profit-driven economic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services remain privately owned

Question 4

charismatic authority

Answer 4

A type of authority that derives from the exceptional and exemplary qualities of the person who issues the command

Question 5

colonization

Answer 5

A form of domination in which a foreign power imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population to control their labor, resources, and markets.

Question 6

core economics

Answer 6

A form of domination in which a foreign power imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population to control their labor, resources, and markets.

Question 7

democracy

Answer 7

A system of government in which power is vested in the citizen or “the people,” and in which the citizenry participates directly or indirectly in making decisions.

Question 8

domestication

Answer 8

The process by which plants and animals were brought under human control.

Question 9

economic system

Answer 9

A socially created institution that coordinates human activity in the effort to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services

Question 10

empire

Answer 10

A group of countries under the direct or indirect control of a foreign power or government, which shapes their political, economic, and cultural development.

Question 11

goods

Answer 11

Any product that is extracted from the earth, manufactured, or grown, such as food, clothing, petroleum, natural gas, automobiles, coal, computers, and so on.

Question 12

government

Answer 12

The organizational structure that directs and coordinates people’s involvement in the political activities of a country or other territory (city, county, state) within that country

Question 13

hegemony

Answer 13

A process by which a power maintains its dominance over foreign entities.

Question 14

imperialistic power

Answer 14

A political entity that exerts control and influence over foreign entities either through military force or through political policies and economic pressures.

Question 15

insurgents

Answer 15

Groups who participate in armed rebellion against some established authority, government, or administration with the hope that those in power will retreat or pull out.

Question 16

laws

Answer 16

Formal rules that mandate people to behave in specified ways or to refrain from behaving in some specified way. Laws are created by those in power and enforced by regulatory institutions such as police, military, or other bodies.

Question 17

legal-rational authority

Answer 17

A type of authority that rests on a system of impersonal rules that formally specifies the qualifications for occupying a powerful position.

Question 18

militaristic power

Answer 18

One that believes military strength, and the willingness to use it, is the source of national—and even global—security.

Question 19

pluralist models od power

Answer 19

A view that sees politics as a plurality of special interest groups competing, compromising, forming alliances, and negotiating with each other for power.

Question 20

political system

Answer 20

A socially created institution that regulates the use of and access to power that is essential to articulating and realizing individual, local, regional, national, international, or global interests and agendas.

Question 21

postindustrial society

Answer 21

A society that is dominated by intellectual technologies of telecommunications and computers, not just “large computers but computers on a chip.” These intellectual technologies have had a revolutionary effect on virtually every aspect of social life.

Question 22

power

Answer 22

The probability that an individual can achieve his or her will even against another individual’s opposition

Question 23

power elite

Answer 23

Those few people who occupy such lofty positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions affect millions, even billions, of people worldwide.

Question 24

primary sector (of the economy)

Answer 24

Economic activities that generate or extract raw materials from the natural environment.

Question 25

secondary sector (of the economy)

Answer 25

Economic activities that transform raw materials from the primary sector into manufactured goods.

Question 26

services

Answer 26

Activities performed for others that result in no tangible product, such as entertainment, transportation, financial advice, medical care, spiritual counseling, and education

Question 27

socialism

Answer 27

An economic system in which raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned.

Question 28

surplus wealth

Answer 28

Wealth beyond what is needed to meet basic human needs, such as food and shelter.

Question 29

Tertiary sector (of the economy)

Answer 29

Economic activities related to delivering services such as health care or entertainment and those activities related to creating and distributing information.

Question 30

theocracy

Answer 30

A form of government in which political authority rests in the hands of religious leaders or a theologically trained elite. Under this system, there is no separation of church and state.

Question 31

totalitarianism

Answer 31

A system of government characterized by (1) a single ruling party led by a dictator, (2) an unchallenged official ideology that defines a vision of the “perfect” society and the means to achieve that vision, (3) a system of social control that suppresses dissent and opposition, and (4) centralized control over the media and the economy.

Question 32

traditional authority

Answer 32

A type of authority that relies on the sanctity of time-honored norms that govern the selection of someone to a powerful position (chief, king, queen) and that specify responsibilities and appropriate conduct for the individual selected.

Question 33

welfare state

Answer 33

A term that applies to an economic system that is a hybrid of capitalism and socialism.