Chapter 56 Umbilical Cord (from quizlet)

Question 1

In the fetus, the vein carries ______ blood to the fetus, whereas the arteries bring venous blood back to the _____

Answer 1

oxygenated; placenta

Question 2

When can the umbilical cord be visualized sonographically?

Answer 2

8 weeks to full term

Question 3

When does the umbilical cord form?

Answer 3

first 5 weeks gestation

Question 4

Fusion of which two vessels is the umbilical cord?

Answer 4

omphalomesenteric (yolk stalk) and allantoic ducts

Question 5

Why is the insertion of the umbilical cord important?

Answer 5

to look for abdominal wall defects (omphalocele and gastroschisis) and limb-body wall complex

Question 6

<p>When do the intestines normally herniate into the umbilical cord?</p>

Answer 6

<p>7 weeks and stay till 12 weeks gestation</p>

Question 7

What is the normal diameter of the umbilical cord?

Answer 7

1-2 CM

Question 8

What is the normal length of the umbilical cord?

Answer 8

40-60 cm

Question 9

Where do the umbilical arteries arise from?

Answer 9

The fetal internal iliac arteries which course along the fetal bladder and exit the umbilicus to form part of the umbilical cord

Question 10

Which vessel does the umbilical vein join after it enters the umbilicus?

Answer 10

the left portal vein

Question 11

What does the umbilical vein become after birth?

Answer 11

the round ligament aka ligamentum teres

Question 12

What does the umbilical cord consist of?

Answer 12

2 arteries and one vein

Question 13

Where does the umbilical blood travel after it leaves the left portal vein?

Answer 13

travels through the ductus venosus to the systemic veins (IVC or hepatics), bypassing the liver, or through the right portal sinus to the right portal vein

Question 14

What does a short umbilical cord measure?

Answer 14

less than 35 cm

Question 15

What does a long umbilical cord measure?

Answer 15

greater than 80 cm

Question 16

What conditions are associated with short umbilical cord?

Answer 16

oligohydramnios, restricted space (as in multiple gestations) intrinsic fetal anomaly, tethering of the fetus by an amniotic band, inadequate fetal descent, cord compression, fetal distress

Question 17

Is coiling of the umbilical cord normal?

Answer 17

yes; may coil as many as 40 times, and usually to the left and near the fetal insertion site

Question 18

What is an indirect sign of decreased fetal movement?

Answer 18

absence of cord twisting

Question 19

Preterm delivery, decreased heart rate during delivery, meconium staining secondary to fetal distress, and fetal anomalies are other obstetric problems associated with?

Answer 19

short umbilical cord

Question 20

Polyhydramnios, nuchal cord, true cord knots, umbilical cord compression, cord presentation and prolapse of the cord leading to fetal distress, umbilical cord stricture or torsion resulting from excessive fetal motion are all associated with?

Answer 20

long umbilical cord

Question 21

Variations in cord diameter are usually attributed to diffuse accumulation of what?

Answer 21

Wharton’s Jelly

Question 22

Variation in cord diameter are associated with?

Answer 22

maternal diabetes, edema secondary to fetal hydrops, Rh incompatibility and fetal demise

Question 23

Masses associated with the umbilical cord are?

Answer 23

omphalocele, gastroschisis, umbilical herniation, teratoma of the umbilical cord, aneruysm of the cord, varix of the cord, hematoma of the cord, true knot, angioma, thrombosis

Question 24

What results from failure of the intestines to return to the abdomen?

Answer 24

Omphalocele

Question 25

What is a congenital defective opening in the wall of the abdomen just to the right of the umbilical cord; bowel and other organs may protrude outside the abdomen from this opening?

Answer 25

gastroschisis

Question 26

What is it when the intestines return normally to the abdominal cavity and then herniate prenatally or postnatally through an inadequately closed umbilicus?

Answer 26

Umbilical Herniation

Question 27

What is a cystic lesion of the umbilical cord caused by persistence and dilatation of a segment of the omphalomesenteric duct lined by epithelium of GI origin?

Answer 27

Omphalomesenteric Cyst

Question 28

Does omphalomesenteric cyst affect males or females?

Answer 28

females

Question 29

What is surrounded by edema and myxomatous degeneration of Wharton’s Jelly?

Answer 29

Hemangioma of the Cord

Question 30

What happens when usually trauma causes extravasation of blood into Wharton’s Jelly?

Answer 30

hematoma of the cord

Question 31

What is occlusion of one or more vessels of the umbilical cord and primarily occurs in the umbilical vein?

Answer 31

Thrombosis of the umbilical vessels

Question 32

Associated with long cords, polyhydramnios, IUGR and monoamniotic twins

Answer 32

True knots

Question 33

What is seen when blood vessels are longer than the cord?

Answer 33

false knots

Question 34

What is the most common cord entanglement in the fetus?

Answer 34

nuchal cord

Question 35

What is it called when the umbilical cord implants into the edge of the placenta is called?

Answer 35

Battledore placenta

Question 36

What is it when the cord inserts into the membranes before it enters the placenta, rather than inserting directly into the placenta?

Answer 36

membranous or velamentous insertion of the cord

Question 37

What type of insertion is associated with higher risk of low birth weight, small for gestational age, preterm delivery, low Apgar scores, and abnormal intrapartum fetal heart rate pattern?

Answer 37

Velamentous umbilical cord insertion

Question 38

In 10% of cases, esophageal atresia, obstructive uropathies, congenital hip dislocation, spina bifida, ventricular septal defect, and cleft palate are associated anomalies of?

Answer 38

velamentous umbilical cord insertion

Question 39

What is the presence of umbilical cord vessels crossing the internal os of the cervix?

Answer 39

Vasa previa

Question 40

Congenital anomalies in 20%-50% of cases, increased incidence of IUGR, increased perinatal mortality, and increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities are associated with?

Answer 40

single umbilical artery

Question 41

Which organ systems are affected by SUA?

Answer 41

musculoskeletal 23%

Question 42

Cardiac defects, skeletal abnormalities, abdominal wall defcts, diaphragmatic hernia, holoprosencephaly and hydrocephalus are major anomalies of?

Answer 42

SUA