Chapter 5 Vocabulary

Question 0

Bullying

Answer 0

Behaviors that may consist of hitting, threatening, teasing, hunting, and forcing social isolation, and stealing; can be in personal interactions or, currently, through technology

Question 1

Affective domain

Answer 1

The part of learning that is associated with feelings and emotions; other domains of learning are cognitive, social, and psychomotor

Question 2

Classroom climate

Answer 2

The feelings that the members of the classroom share about the social, emotional, and academic aspects of their environment; a positive elementary classroom climate is one in which children feel safe and successful

Question 3

Community of leaders

Answer 3

Learning environment wherein everyone in the group is learning together from one another in a supportive manner; in a classroom, this means that all children, as well as the teacher, learn together

Question 4

Conventional ethics

Answer 4

Kohlberg’s stage of moral reasoning (about age 10-20) for a person’s moral decisions are based on concern for other people and the laws of society

Question 5

Convergent question

Answer 5

Questions that necessitate “right”or factual answers

Question 6

Cooperative learning models

Answer 6

Small-group instruction that is structured for interdependence and positive contributions from team members; assumes that social skills are addressed as part of the curriculum

Question 7

Divergent questions

Answer 7

Questions that necessitate or encourage creative thinking and to which there are multiple answers

Question 8

Explicitly communicate

Answer 8

Conveying a message in a clear, unambiguous manner, usually in words, so that both the one sending the message and the one receiving the message are aware of the content

Question 9

Implicitly communicate

Answer 9

Conveying a message in a hidden number; implicit messages are often conveyed through body language or behavior

Question 10

Industry vs. inferiority stage

Answer 10

Erickson’s stage wherein children in middle childhood (about ages 6-12) may or may not develop appreciation for mastery and competence through a sense of accomplishment

Question 11

Initiative vs. guilt stage

Answer 11

Erikson’s stage wherein the children in early childhood (about ages 3-6) may or may not develop a sense of autonomy, curiosity, and risk-taking

Question 12

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 12

Stages of needs that Maslow developed and through which pass

Question 13

Modeling

Answer 13

Learning that is a result of observing the behaviors and actions of others

Question 14

No Child Left Behind Act of 2002

Answer 14

An education reform plan with sweeping changes to the elementary and secondary education act (ESEA), changing the federal government’s role in education from kindergarten through grade 12

Question 15

Peer mediation

Answer 15

A way to resolve conflict using trained individuals of the same cohort and who follow a specified protocol

Question 16

Perspective taking

Answer 16

The ability to see situations from another person’s point of view

Question 17

Preconventional ethics

Answer 17

Kohlberg’s stage of moral reasoning (until about age 10) where a child’s moral decisions are based on external consequences and personal benefit

Question 18

Self-efficacy

Answer 18

A person’s perception about whether or not he or she can be successful at accomplishing a task; high self-efficacy refers to the belief that there is a high probability for success, while low self-efficacy refers to the belief that there is a low probability for success

Question 19

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 19

A phenomenon wherein an expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to become a reality

Question 20

Social cognitive theory

Answer 20

Bandura’s theory of learning from modeling or by observing the actions of others

Question 21

Social interaction

Answer 21

Participating with others in the classroom activities based on Vygotsky’s social constructivism theory; Benefits to students include enhanced achievement, improved self-esteem, and improved relationships among diverse students

Question 22

Zone of proximal development

Answer 22

Vygotsky’s term for the level of development wherein a person can expand his or her thinking and skills with the help of a more able adult or peer