Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PPR > Chapter 4 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Assimilation

A

The mental process of fitting new information from the environment into the already existing schema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Accommodation

A

Creating new mental schemas in response to new information from the environment when your information does not fit into it existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Auditory modality

A

Receives and represents information best orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behaviorism

A

View of learning that emphasizes the role that the environment plays in changing behavior; one learns because of reinforcement or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping bits of information into units that are more meaningful in order to allow more items to be included in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning as a result of pairing a stimulus with an automatic emotional or physiological response (sweating, salivating, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive learning theory

A

A theory of learning that emphasizes the change and one’s mental structures as a result of a need to make sense of one’s world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Community resources

A

What a community can provide that contributes to the education of learners, including guest speakers, monetary resources, and enriching facilities such as museums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Community Stress

A

Anxiety that may be felt by students who come from communities that are impoverished, have high crime rates, and/or provide a little support for students; can cause students to be nervous and afraid for their safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Concept

A

A mental structure that represents a particular idea, object, person, event, or experience along with the defining attributes attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conditional knowledge

A

Knowing when and why to use declarative and procedural knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Constructivism

A

A view of learning that emphasizes the role of the learner in building in his or her own understanding while making sense of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contiguity

A

The simple pairing of two behaviors enough times so that they continue to be paired, even when only one is presented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Problem solving in which there is one answer and/or one way to arrive at an answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Declarative knowledge

A

A type of knowledge that is factually based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Defining attributes

A

The important criteria that determine whether an item fits into a concept; also called defining characteristic or the defining features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Refers to recognizing, using, understanding, and managing emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Encoding

A

The process of moving information into long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extinguishing

A

The process of making a behavior disappear; in the classroom, this usually involves a gradual shaping so that valued reinforcement are added as negative behaviors decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Facilitating teaching style

A

A mostly democratic teaching style (joint learning decisions are made with students), in which students are arranged in small groups or in a circular pattern (demonstrating a student-centered classroom), and the instruction is cooperative and inductive in nature with many inquiry and problem-solving activities; the teacher is seen as a fellow learner who sets the stage and provides help as needed for students to actively engage in learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Field dependent

A

Learners who are more global or “big picture” oriented, extrinsically motivated, and more socially oriented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Field independent

A

Learners who are more local or detail oriented, analytical, intrinsically motivated, and less socially oriented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Home stress

A

Family difficulties present in the home such as divorce, family illness or death, family poverty, erratic parenting and so forth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Information processing

A

A cognitive view of learning that compares the mind to a computer with a place for data input, storage, and retrieval for future use; a view that learning is a change in mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Kinesthetic modality

A

Receives and represents information best through movement

25
Q

Learning

A

Depending on the theory, a change in mental processes or observable behavior

26
Q

Learning styles

A

Learning or thinking in a certain way or what

27
Q

Long-term memory

A

A place where information is permanently stored in the mind

28
Q

Metacognition

A

A complex cognitive process that requires knowledge of and control over one’s own mental processes; thinking about one’s thinking

29
Q

Modalities

A

Refers to the various methods of receiving sensory input: visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic

30
Q

Modeling

A

The concept that learners change their behavior as a result of observing a behavior in another person

31
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

Howard Gardner has identified several areas of intelligence, including verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, visual-spatial, musical-rhythmic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalistic, and, perhaps, existential

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of something undesirable in order to increase a behavior

33
Q

Nonroutine problem solving

A

Solving a problem for which an easily identifiable solution is not available (and ill-define problem); divergent thinking is usually required

34
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning as a result of reinforcement or punishment from the environment

35
Q

Organizational skills

A

A factor in the learning that involves meaningful categorization

36
Q

Parenting style

A

Four styles of raising children have been identified:

  1. Permissive
  2. Rejecting-neglecting
  3. Authoritarian
  4. Authoritative (preferred)
37
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The introduction of a valued reward to increase a desired behavior

38
Q

Presentation punishment

A

Introduction of something disliked or distasteful to decrease a behave

39
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Knowledge of the necessary steps to complete a task

40
Q

Punishment

A

Adding or taking away something valued which results in a decrease in a behavior

41
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of repeating information over and over to oneself to keep it in working memory

42
Q

Reinforcement

A

Something valued used to influence behavior

43
Q

Removal punished

A

The removal of something pleasurable in order to decrease a behavior

44
Q

Routine problem-solving

A

Solving a problem for which there is a set (or easily identifiable) procedure to follow, making the answer readily available (a well-defined problem); convergent thinking is normally used

45
Q

Satiation

A

When a child gets too much of a reward or punishment, it becomes meaningless and will no longer influence behavior

46
Q

Schema

A

A mental structure for the various concepts one has developed and their relationships to each other

47
Q

Sensory memory

A

A place in the mind where information received from the and says it’s briefly stored (usually less than a few seconds); no attention is paid to it, the information is lost

48
Q

Shaping

A

Behavior changes gradually over time due to the introduction and continuation of reinforcers

49
Q

Short-term memory

A

A place in mind where the brain temporarily stores everything to which attention is directed; unless rehearsals or another activity is completed, the information is lost after about 20-32 seconds

50
Q

Social learning theory

A

A theory of learning that emphasizes what we learn by observing the behavior of others in our environment

51
Q

Stimulus-response learning

A

The automatic pairing of a response to a given stimulus

52
Q

Stress factors

A

Situations in the home or community that may cause a learner to become anxious and nervous

53
Q

Student-centered teacher

A

A teacher who employs a facilitating manner and constantly focuses on the needs of a learner in every respect. The teacher continuously asks if students are able, ready, interested, and so forth for the instruction to be implemented. Student decisions about learning are respected and encouraged, in the teacher is a learner in the classroom community.

54
Q

Tactile modality

A

Receives and represents information best through touch

55
Q

Teaching styles

A

A teacher’s choice of emphasis, instruction, interactions, methods of communicating, and classroom mannerisms

56
Q

Transfer

A

Applying the learning of previous information to a new situation

57
Q

Vicarious learning

A

Learning that results from seeing someone else’s behavior either rewarded or punished

58
Q

Visual modality

A

Receives and represents information best through sight

59
Q

Working memory

A

A place in the mind where information is temporarily held so that it can be actively manipulated

PPR (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions