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Social Psychology > Chapter 5: The Self- Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Self- Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context Flashcards

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1
Q

rudimentary self-concept

A
  • demonstrated with mirror experiment
  • realize that the image in the mirror is themselves
  • recognize differences (i.e. mark) from previous looking
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2
Q

child’s self concept

A
  • concrete
  • observable characteristics
  • age, sex, neighborhood, hobbies
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3
Q

matured self concept

A
  • less emphasis on physical characteristics
  • more emphasis on psychological states
  • consider how others judge us
  • focus on thoughts and feelings
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4
Q

self-knowledge

A
  • beliefs about who we are

- based on self-control, impression management, and self-esteem

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5
Q

self-control

A

-way in which people make plans and execute decisions

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6
Q

impression management

A

-present selves to others in ways that we want to be seen

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7
Q

self-esteem

A
  • the way we feel about ourselves

- positive vs. negative view of self

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8
Q

Western culture view of self

A
  • independent
  • focus on internal thoughts, feelings, and actions
  • less focus on thoughts, feelings, actions of others
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9
Q

non-Western cultures view of self

A
  • define self in terms of relationship to other people
  • behavior determined by thoughts, feelings, and actions of others
  • connectedness and interdependence valued
  • independence and uniqueness frowned upon
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10
Q

women view of self

A
  • relational interdependence
  • focus on close relationships
  • focus on intimacy and cooperation
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11
Q

men self-knowldge

A
  • collective interdependence

- focus on membership in large group

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12
Q

introspection

A
  • look inward and examine thoughts, feelings, and motives
  • become self-conscious
  • see self objectively as outsider would
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13
Q

self-awareness theory

A

-evaluate and compare behavior to internal standards and values

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14
Q

attempt to escape self

A
  • more people think about selves the worse the mood
  • try to turn off internal spotlight
  • problematic when turn to alcohol, drugs, etc
  • positive coping if focus on religion
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15
Q

causal theories

A

-theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors

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16
Q

reasons-generated attitude change

A

-attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for such attitudes

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17
Q

self-perception theory

A
  • infer our unknown thoughts and feelings by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
    1. ) infer feelings from our behavior when don’t know how we feel
    2. ) judge if behavior reflects how we feel or if the situation caused it
  • same principles as attributional theory
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18
Q

intrinsic motivation

A
  • desire to engage in activity b/c enjoy it
  • not motivated by rewards
  • hurt by rewards
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19
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

-engage in activity b/c of external pressures and the potential for reward

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20
Q

overjustification effect

A
  • people view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons (reward)
  • underestimate extent to which behavior was caused by intrinsic reasons
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21
Q

when are rewards a good idea

A
  • if there is o previous intrinsic motivation

- Ex: rewarding child who hates reading when he finishes a book

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22
Q

task contingent rewards

A

-get for doing task regardless of how well

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23
Q

performance contingent rewards

A

-reward depends on how well do task

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24
Q

two factor theory of emotion

A
  • two steps to understand emotional states
    1. ) experience physiological arousal
    2. ) make appropriate explanation
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25
Q

misattribution of arousal

A
  • mistake inferences about what is causing arousal

- Ex: feel aroused at scary movie with hot guy- is it movie or guy causing?

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26
Q

fixed mindset

A
  • we have a set amount of ability that cannot change

- likely to give up after setbacks

27
Q

growth mindset

A
  • belief that one’s abilities are capable of change

- view setbacks as opportunities for improvement

28
Q

social comparison theory

A
  • learn about our abilities and attitudes by comparing self to others
  • utilized when no objective standard of measure or have uncertainty of self
  • most often compare to those with similar background in area
29
Q

upward social comparison

A
  • compare to people who are better than us
  • when goal is something to strive toward
  • problematic if makes one feel inferior
30
Q

downward social comparison

A
  • compare to people worse than us
  • when goal is to feel good about ourselves and look better
  • can also involve comparison to our “past” self
31
Q

birds of a feather flock together

A
  • people with similar views attracted to each other

- more likely to become friends

32
Q

looking glass self

A

-see ourselves and social world through eyes of other people and often adopt those views

33
Q

social tuning

A
  • adopt another person’s attitudes
  • often unconscious
  • often do to get along with others
34
Q

wrong form of self-control

A
  • suppress thoughts

- better to think about “forbidden” topic and exert willpower when acting on those thoughts

35
Q

self-regulatory resource model

A
  • self-control requires energy and spending the energy on one task limits amount that can be spent on another
  • Ex: if see ex with bff, don’t confront them, but then go eat a gallon of ice cream
36
Q

ingratiation

A
  • people latter, raise, and try to make themselves likable

- often toward higher status individual

37
Q

self-handicapping

A
  • create obstacles and excuses in case of failure
  • creating source of blame
  • Ex: partying night before final, so can blame previous night for failed grade
38
Q

terror management theory

A

-self-esteem serves as buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about death

39
Q

narcissism

A
  • unhealthy high self-esteem
  • excessive self-love
  • lack of empathy
  • concerned with self and not others
40
Q

According to research by Dweck, a _______ mindset is more likely to promote success both athletically and academically.

A

growth

41
Q

Recall that Donald Dutton and Art Aron (1974) had an attractive confederate approach men either on a high, narrow, swaying suspension bridge, or else on the other side of the bridge where they were sitting. More men called the woman after she approached them on the scary bridge. Why?

A

men misattributed their fear as sexual attraction

42
Q

The authors of your text suggest that East Asians tend to have their self-awareness less influenced by the presence of mirrors or video cameras than Westerners because

A

tend to be more chronically self-aware

43
Q

After observing the amount of time elementary students spent playing new math games, Greene, Sternberg, and Lepper (1976) provided rewards to children for playing with the games. After the rewards were removed

A

intrinsic interests (initial) decreased

44
Q

Because they convey information to people that they are good at an activity, _____ are less likely to result in the overjustification effect

A

performance contingent rewards

45
Q

Richard Nisbett and Tim Wilson (1979) had participants watch a film either with or without distracting noises in the background. Results of their experiment demonstrated that

A

participants erroneously believed that the noise affected their interpretation of the films

46
Q

It’s Halloween, but you don’t want to be running back and forth to answer the door. To avoid any “tricks,” you decide to leave a large container of candy on the porch. You’ve just read about self-awareness theory, and you have a hunch about how to keep greedy trick-or-treaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy. You decide to

A

place a mirror behind the candy so they can see themselves and adjust behavior to internal standards

47
Q

_____ theory posits that when our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous, we infer our internal states by observing our own behaviors and the situation in which they occur

A

self-perception

48
Q

Analyzing the reasons for our feelings is not always the best strategy for making sense of our feelings because

A

reasons that are easy to verbalize are not always correct

49
Q

When people want to boost their ego and feel better about themselves, they often compare themselves to

A

others who are worse off

50
Q

According to the self-regulatory resource model, ___________requires energy, and spending it on one task limits the amount that can be spent on other things

A

self-control

51
Q

After his psychology class, Albert tells his professor that she is an exceptional teacher and that he thinks she made the material interesting and engaging. Which of the following impression managemnet tactics is Albert using?

A

ingratiation

52
Q

According to the authors of your text, feelings like love or sadness are often difficult to explain because

A

we are unaware of many of our basic mental processes

53
Q

If Paul tends to see himself in terms of his own internal feelings, thoughts, and actions, he probably

A

has an independent view of self

54
Q

A _______ mindset is the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow.

A

growth

55
Q

When we are in a state of _______, we evaluate or compare our current behavior against our internal standards and values.

A

self-awareness

56
Q

Nao is from Japan, and endorses an interdependent view of herself. Which of the following is she most likely to agree with about herself

A

defines herself in terms of her relationships with others

57
Q

The self-concept refers to the

A

content of the self

58
Q

According to the textbook, research on the development of the self using the “red dot” test indicates that the self in human infants develops at an average age of ___

A

18 months

59
Q

At the amusement park, Keon’s heart begins beating rapidly and his palms begin to sweat. He reasons that since he is next in line for a ride on a roller coaster, he must be feeling exhilarated. This sequence of events in which Keon first perceives his arousal and subsequently labels it is consistent with the

A

two-factor theory

60
Q

Theories holding that emotions result from people’s interpretation and explanation of events, in the absence of any physiological arousal, are known as ________ theories of emotion

A

appraisal

61
Q

Just before an exam, your friend Marc turns to you and says “Man, I’m so tired! I partied ’til four in the morning.” Marc is engaging in what type of self-presentation

A

self-handicapping

62
Q

In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam, Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material. Markus is engaging in

A

social comparison

63
Q

When Jessie sits down for the first day of class, the person next to him, Blake, is wearing a “Free Tibet” shirt. After a few minutes of talking, Jessie realizes that he likes Blake. Which of the following is most likely to happen based on the idea of social tuning?

A

Jessie may unconsciously alter his attitudes and believe Tibet should be freed

64
Q

Women tend to have more ________ interdependence, and men tend to have more _________ interdependence.

A

relational

collective

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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