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Social Psychology > Chapter 13- Prejudice > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

prejudice

A
  • hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group
  • based solely on their membership in the group
  • have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components
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2
Q

stereotype

A
  • cognitive element of prejudice
  • generalization about group of people, in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members
  • “pictures we carry in our head”
  • can be positive or negative
  • simplification as to how we look at world
  • based on experience
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3
Q

illusory correlation

A
  • we expect two things to be related, so fool ourselves into believing they are
  • even if not related at all
  • Ex: infertile couple can get prego after they adopt
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4
Q

processing info guided by illusory correlation

A
  • when you see what you expect to see, you confirm in your mind that your stereotype is accurate
  • Ex: believe Muslims are violent, so when see Muslim being violent use it as confirmation
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5
Q

what’s wrong with positive stereotypes

A
  • sets up unrealistic expectations
  • lumps people together even if different
  • exaggerates differences between cultures, sexes, etc
  • oversimplifies
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6
Q

hostile sexists

A
  • hold negative stereotypes of women

- believe women inferior to men b/c less intelligent, competent, brave, and capable

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7
Q

benevolent sexists

A
  • positive stereotypes of women
  • women kinder, more empathetic, and nurturing
  • still inaccurate stereotyping women
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8
Q

affective component of prejudice

A
  • emotions
  • deep-seated feeling persist even when a person knows prejudice is wrong
  • immune to logic against
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9
Q

explicit prejudice

A
  • conscious

- easily suppressed

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10
Q

implicit prejudice

A
  • unconscious
  • automatic and unintentional
  • often kept below the surface
  • kept in check under normal conditions
  • expressed when not paying attention or under stress
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11
Q

discrimination

A
  • behavioral component of prejudice

- unjustified negative or harmful action toward members of group b/c of their presence in the group

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12
Q

discrimination through microaggressions

A

-putdowns toward minorities or disabled

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13
Q

social distance

A

-reluctance to get “too close” to another group

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14
Q

modern racism

A
  • people hide beliefs to avoid being labeled as racist, sexist, or homophobic
  • when situation is “safe” their inhibitions are shed and implicit prejudice is revealed
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15
Q

when is implicit prejudice active

A
  1. ) stressful conditions
  2. ) anger or insulting situations
  3. ) under influence of alcohol
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16
Q

automatic and controlled processing

A
  • stereotype is activated automatically when exposed to minority group but can be ignored through conscious controlled processing
  • doesn’t work so well under stress
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17
Q

consequence of being the target of prejudice

A
  • diminution of self-esteem
  • internalize society’s views
  • believe one’s group is inferior
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18
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A
  • people have expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person
  • causes the person to behave consistent to expectation
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19
Q

stereotype threat

A
  • apprehension experienced by members of group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
  • person becomes more conscious of the stereotype of themselves, so performance impacted
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20
Q

what causes prejudice

A
  1. ) pressure to conform
  2. ) social categorization
  3. ) Attributional Biases- assigning meaning
  4. ) justification-suppression
  5. ) economic competition
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21
Q

institutional discrimination/racism/sexism

A

-if discriminatory behavior is the norm in the society, we develop prejudice attitudes

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22
Q

in-group bias

A
  • positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defines as being part of our in-group
  • negative feelings and unfair treatment for others in out-group
  • motivated by self-esteem and desire to identify with a group
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23
Q

out-group homogeneity

A
  • in group members perceive those in out-group as more similar to each other than they really are
  • if know something about one member, assume all members have that characteristic
24
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • dispostional attribution
  • conclude that behavior is due to aspects of personality, rather than situation
  • blind to real reason for behavior
25
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

-make dispositional attributions about negative behavior and then generalize them to their entire ethnic, religious, or racial group

26
Q

justification suppression model of prejudice

A
  • blaming victim
  • believe they brought on their own fate
  • motivated by desire to justify dislike
  • feel right to discriminate and not feel bad
27
Q

scapegoating

A

-when frustrated or unhappy displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and powerless

28
Q

mutual interdependence

A

-when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

29
Q

jigsaw classroom

A
  • place children into small, desegregated groups and make each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn material
  • designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem
30
Q

contact hypothesis

A
  • most important way to reduce racial and ethnic prejudice is through contact
  • have to bring in and out groups together
31
Q

six conditions for contact hypothesis to work

A
  1. ) mutual interdependence
  2. ) common goal
  3. ) equal status
  4. ) informal, interpersonal contact
  5. ) multiple contacts
  6. ) social norms of equality
32
Q

reducing prejudice

A
  • jigsaw classroom
  • contact hypothesis
  • effective in increasing empathy and cooperation
33
Q

Recall that Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski (1985) showed participants a debate between an African-American and a European-American, and asked them to rate the debaters’ skills. After the debate, in one condition, a confederate made a hostile racist comment about the debaters’ skills; in another, a confederate made a nonracist comment, and in a third condition, no comment was made. These researchers found that when participants overheard a racist comment, their ratings of the African-American

A

were lower on a number of dimensions

34
Q

_____ refers to our tendency to view members of____ as more similar to one another than they really are.

A

out-group homogeneity

an out-group

35
Q

Recall that British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a “Klee style” or a “Kandinsky style.” Tajfel designed such experiments to determine

A

minimal conditions for in-group bias

36
Q

According to Devine’s (1989) two-step model of stereotypes, both low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people’s stereotypes are _______ activated, but low prejudiced people _______ control their stereotypes.

A

automatically

consciously

37
Q

A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should

A

have known her date better

38
Q

Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is ________ and the group being scapegoated is __________.

A

frustrated

visible and powerless

39
Q

Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include

A

multiple contacts
mutual interdependence
equal status

40
Q

How does the Jigsaw Classroom yield such positive results with regard to self-esteem, achievement, and positive informal contact between children of various racial and ethnic groups?

A

it is in each child’s self-interest to cooperate with others

41
Q

_____ racism refers to the idea that, because people have learned to hide racist attitudes to avoid allegations of prejudice, they reveal their racism in more subtle and indirect ways.

A

modern

42
Q

According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n)

A

attitude

43
Q

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution about an entire group of people is called the

A

ultimate attribution error

44
Q

Research indicates that people may perceive an illusory correlation between minorities and negative events because minorities are

A

distinctive

45
Q

Institutionalized racism and sexism Prejudice may be maintained by ____ normative rules.

A

conformity to

46
Q

Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) observed the differential behaviors of White interviewers who interviewed either African-American or White job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to manifest these differential behaviors towards White job applicants. The White applicants who were treated like the African-Americans in the first study

A

behaved in less effective and comfortable ways

47
Q

_____ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm existing cultural stereotypes

A

stereotype threat

48
Q

Tara’s boss always calls her, “Miss,” but refers to his male employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is most likely experiencing ________ from her boss.

A

benevolent sexism

49
Q

How are stereotypes likely to change? Evidence indicates that

A

stereotypes change gradually in response to many inconsistent examples

50
Q

George is rear-ended by a Hispanic woman. Although George usually does not express his prejudice towards Hispanics, he gets out of the car and yells several racist remarks at the driver. This behavior is best explained by

A

justification-supression

51
Q

Bond, DiCandia, and McKennon (1988) examined the treatment of mental health patients by an all-White staff of a psychiatric hospital. They found that, during the first 30 days after being admitted to the psychiatric hospital,

A

blacks given harsher penalties than whites for violent behavior

52
Q

Research has found that when a man succeeds at a given task, participants attribute his success to _____, whereas when a woman succeeds at that same task, participants attribute her success to ______.

A

ability

hard work or luck

53
Q

In 1977, a school teacher, Jane Elliot, created prejudice in her classroom as a lesson for her third graders. What did she do to create an environment of prejudice?

A

divided class by eye color and allowed one group to have more privileges than the other

54
Q

Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1951) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when

A

they constructed situations that fostered mutual interdependence

55
Q

Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane’s ______ women.

A

stereotypes

56
Q

According to the authors of your text, it is primarily the _______ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments.

A

emotional

57
Q

_____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from competition between groups over limited resources.

A

realistic conflict theory

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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