Chapter 13- Prejudice Flashcards
prejudice
- hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group
- based solely on their membership in the group
- have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components
stereotype
- cognitive element of prejudice
- generalization about group of people, in which identical characteristics are assigned to all members
- “pictures we carry in our head”
- can be positive or negative
- simplification as to how we look at world
- based on experience
illusory correlation
- we expect two things to be related, so fool ourselves into believing they are
- even if not related at all
- Ex: infertile couple can get prego after they adopt
processing info guided by illusory correlation
- when you see what you expect to see, you confirm in your mind that your stereotype is accurate
- Ex: believe Muslims are violent, so when see Muslim being violent use it as confirmation
what’s wrong with positive stereotypes
- sets up unrealistic expectations
- lumps people together even if different
- exaggerates differences between cultures, sexes, etc
- oversimplifies
hostile sexists
- hold negative stereotypes of women
- believe women inferior to men b/c less intelligent, competent, brave, and capable
benevolent sexists
- positive stereotypes of women
- women kinder, more empathetic, and nurturing
- still inaccurate stereotyping women
affective component of prejudice
- emotions
- deep-seated feeling persist even when a person knows prejudice is wrong
- immune to logic against
explicit prejudice
- conscious
- easily suppressed
implicit prejudice
- unconscious
- automatic and unintentional
- often kept below the surface
- kept in check under normal conditions
- expressed when not paying attention or under stress
discrimination
- behavioral component of prejudice
- unjustified negative or harmful action toward members of group b/c of their presence in the group
discrimination through microaggressions
-putdowns toward minorities or disabled
social distance
-reluctance to get “too close” to another group
modern racism
- people hide beliefs to avoid being labeled as racist, sexist, or homophobic
- when situation is “safe” their inhibitions are shed and implicit prejudice is revealed
when is implicit prejudice active
- ) stressful conditions
- ) anger or insulting situations
- ) under influence of alcohol
automatic and controlled processing
- stereotype is activated automatically when exposed to minority group but can be ignored through conscious controlled processing
- doesn’t work so well under stress
consequence of being the target of prejudice
- diminution of self-esteem
- internalize society’s views
- believe one’s group is inferior
self-fulfilling prophecy
- people have expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person
- causes the person to behave consistent to expectation
stereotype threat
- apprehension experienced by members of group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
- person becomes more conscious of the stereotype of themselves, so performance impacted
what causes prejudice
- ) pressure to conform
- ) social categorization
- ) Attributional Biases- assigning meaning
- ) justification-suppression
- ) economic competition
institutional discrimination/racism/sexism
-if discriminatory behavior is the norm in the society, we develop prejudice attitudes
in-group bias
- positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defines as being part of our in-group
- negative feelings and unfair treatment for others in out-group
- motivated by self-esteem and desire to identify with a group
out-group homogeneity
- in group members perceive those in out-group as more similar to each other than they really are
- if know something about one member, assume all members have that characteristic
fundamental attribution error
- dispostional attribution
- conclude that behavior is due to aspects of personality, rather than situation
- blind to real reason for behavior
ultimate attribution error
-make dispositional attributions about negative behavior and then generalize them to their entire ethnic, religious, or racial group
justification suppression model of prejudice
- blaming victim
- believe they brought on their own fate
- motivated by desire to justify dislike
- feel right to discriminate and not feel bad
scapegoating
-when frustrated or unhappy displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and powerless
mutual interdependence
-when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
jigsaw classroom
- place children into small, desegregated groups and make each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn material
- designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem
contact hypothesis
- most important way to reduce racial and ethnic prejudice is through contact
- have to bring in and out groups together
six conditions for contact hypothesis to work
- ) mutual interdependence
- ) common goal
- ) equal status
- ) informal, interpersonal contact
- ) multiple contacts
- ) social norms of equality
reducing prejudice
- jigsaw classroom
- contact hypothesis
- effective in increasing empathy and cooperation
Recall that Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski (1985) showed participants a debate between an African-American and a European-American, and asked them to rate the debaters’ skills. After the debate, in one condition, a confederate made a hostile racist comment about the debaters’ skills; in another, a confederate made a nonracist comment, and in a third condition, no comment was made. These researchers found that when participants overheard a racist comment, their ratings of the African-American
were lower on a number of dimensions
_____ refers to our tendency to view members of____ as more similar to one another than they really are.
out-group homogeneity
an out-group
Recall that British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a “Klee style” or a “Kandinsky style.” Tajfel designed such experiments to determine
minimal conditions for in-group bias
According to Devine’s (1989) two-step model of stereotypes, both low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people’s stereotypes are _______ activated, but low prejudiced people _______ control their stereotypes.
automatically
consciously
A person who believes in a just world would likely believe that a date-rape victim should
have known her date better
Scapegoating is most likely to occur when the majority group is ________ and the group being scapegoated is __________.
frustrated
visible and powerless
Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice include
multiple contacts
mutual interdependence
equal status
How does the Jigsaw Classroom yield such positive results with regard to self-esteem, achievement, and positive informal contact between children of various racial and ethnic groups?
it is in each child’s self-interest to cooperate with others
_____ racism refers to the idea that, because people have learned to hide racist attitudes to avoid allegations of prejudice, they reveal their racism in more subtle and indirect ways.
modern
According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n)
attitude
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution about an entire group of people is called the
ultimate attribution error
Research indicates that people may perceive an illusory correlation between minorities and negative events because minorities are
distinctive
Institutionalized racism and sexism Prejudice may be maintained by ____ normative rules.
conformity to
Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) observed the differential behaviors of White interviewers who interviewed either African-American or White job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to manifest these differential behaviors towards White job applicants. The White applicants who were treated like the African-Americans in the first study
behaved in less effective and comfortable ways
_____ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm existing cultural stereotypes
stereotype threat
Tara’s boss always calls her, “Miss,” but refers to his male employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is most likely experiencing ________ from her boss.
benevolent sexism
How are stereotypes likely to change? Evidence indicates that
stereotypes change gradually in response to many inconsistent examples
George is rear-ended by a Hispanic woman. Although George usually does not express his prejudice towards Hispanics, he gets out of the car and yells several racist remarks at the driver. This behavior is best explained by
justification-supression
Bond, DiCandia, and McKennon (1988) examined the treatment of mental health patients by an all-White staff of a psychiatric hospital. They found that, during the first 30 days after being admitted to the psychiatric hospital,
blacks given harsher penalties than whites for violent behavior
Research has found that when a man succeeds at a given task, participants attribute his success to _____, whereas when a woman succeeds at that same task, participants attribute her success to ______.
ability
hard work or luck
In 1977, a school teacher, Jane Elliot, created prejudice in her classroom as a lesson for her third graders. What did she do to create an environment of prejudice?
divided class by eye color and allowed one group to have more privileges than the other
Recall that Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1951) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when
they constructed situations that fostered mutual interdependence
Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane’s ______ women.
stereotypes
According to the authors of your text, it is primarily the _______ aspect of prejudiced attitudes that make them relatively impervious to rational or logical arguments.
emotional
_____ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from competition between groups over limited resources.
realistic conflict theory
