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Social Psychology > Chapter 4: Social PErception: How We Come to Understand Other People > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Social PErception: How We Come to Understand Other People Flashcards

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1
Q

nonverbal communication

A
  • communication without words
  • intentional or unintentional
  • facial expressions, tone, gesture, eye contact, use of space, etc
  • help us express emotions and personality
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2
Q

social perception

A

-study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

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3
Q

facial expressions

A
  • primary nonverbal channel

- universal: all encoded/decoded same by everyone

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4
Q

encode

A
  • to express nonverbal behavior

- smiling, patting

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5
Q

decode

A
  • interpret meaning of nonverbal behavior
  • Ex: deciding pat on back was of praise
  • automatic
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6
Q

6 major emotional expressions

A
  1. ) anger
  2. ) happiness
  3. ) surprise
  4. ) fear
  5. ) disgust
  6. ) sadness
    - interpreted the same across cultures
    - first emotions to appear in development
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7
Q

why is decoding sometimes inaccurate

A
  1. ) affect blends

2. ) culture

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8
Q

affect blends

A
  • one part of face registers one emotion, while another part of the face registers different emotion
  • Ex: being disgusted and fearful at same time
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9
Q

decoding across cultures

A
  • display rules are particular to each culture and dictate expressions people are supposed to show
  • Ex: In US, men discouraged to show grief, but women allowed (opposite in Japan)
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10
Q

emblem

A

-gesture with clear defined meaning
-not always universal
Ex: flipping bird is “v” shape in Australia

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11
Q

implicit personality theory

A
  • schema that consists of our ideas about what kinds of personality traits go together
  • use few traits to determine other characteristics
  • automatic
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12
Q

forming quick impressions

A
  • use 2 general schemas
    1. ) judgments of “warmth
    2. ) implicit personality theory- determine competence
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13
Q

warm person

A

-perceived as generous, trustworthy, etc

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14
Q

competent person

A
  • capable
  • powerful
  • dominant
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15
Q

attribution theory

A

-study of how we infer causes of other’s behavior

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16
Q

internal attribution

A
  • inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person
  • behavior fueled by the person’s attitude, character, or personality
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17
Q

external attribution

A
  • inference that a person is behaving in a certain way b/c of something about the situation
  • assume most people respond the same way if in similar situation
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18
Q

covariation model

A
  • to form an attribution about what caused behavior, we note pattern between presence of absence of possible causal factors
  • how a person’s behavior changes across time, place, different actors, and different targets
  • reach judgment about what caused behavior
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19
Q

3 types info examined in covariation

A
  1. ) consensus
  2. ) distinctiveness
  3. ) consistency
    - combine into distinct patterns that allow for clear attribution to be made
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20
Q

consensus information

A
  • how other people behave toward the same stimulus

- Ex: does everyone yell at Tom

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21
Q

distinctiveness information

A
  • how the person whose behavior is to be explained responds to other stimuli
  • Ex: does boss yell at other people
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22
Q

consistency information

A
  • frequency with which observed behavior between actor and stimulus occurs across time and circumstances
  • Ex: does boss yell at Tom often, no matter who’s around
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23
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • overestimate extent to which people’s behavior is due to internal dispositional factors
  • underestimate role of situational factors
  • occurs b/c info about situation is often unavailable
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24
Q

perceptual salience

A
  • information that is focus of importance
  • visual point of view
  • we pay attention to people and not the situation, resulting in the fundamental attribution error
  • blame people and forget influence of situation
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25
Q

2-step process to making attributions

A
  1. ) make internal attribution- assume behavior due to something about the person
  2. ) attempt to adjust attribution by considering situation
    * step 1 quick and spontaneous
    * step 2 often skipped b/c requires effort
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26
Q

western cultures and social perception

A
  • stress individual autonomy
  • people perceived as independent
  • behavior reflects internal traits, motives, values
  • analytic thinking
27
Q

collectivist (eastern) cultures and social perception

A
  • stress group autonomy
  • people derive sense of self from social group
  • holistic thinking
28
Q

analytic thinking

A
  • focus of properties of objects without considering surrounding context
  • focus on individual’s face to judge feeling
  • Western cultures
29
Q

holistic thinking

A
  • focus on overall context and the ways objects relate to one another
  • focus on everyone’s faces to judge feeling
  • Eastern cultures
30
Q

social perceptions across cultures

A
  • everyone starts making dispositional attributions
  • collectivist cultures then look at situation and revise first impressions, taking situation into account
  • westerners tend to avoid revision, meaning first impression dominates
31
Q

self-serving attributions

A
  • tendency to take credit for success by making internal attributions, but to blame others or the situation for failure by making external attributions
  • common if fail and feel improving is unlikely
  • common in US to explain failure
32
Q

why make self-serving attributions

A
  1. ) maintain self esteem, even if distorting reality

2. ) want people to admire of us

33
Q

defensive attributions

A

-explanations for behavior that defend us from feelings of vulnerability and morality

34
Q

belief in just world

A

-defensive attribution where people assume bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people

35
Q

bias blind spot

A

-think others more susceptible to attributional biases than we are

36
Q

US attribution of failure

A

-external causes

37
Q

collectivist culture attribution of failure

A

-internal causes

38
Q

correspondence bias

A

-tendency to infer that people’s behavior corresponds to or matches their disposition/personality

39
Q

Robin Akert and Dane Archer (1991, 1998) have found that participants who view and decode interactions in the Social Interpretations Task (SIT) perform significantly better than chance when answering such questions as “Which woman is the mother of the baby?” According to these researchers, people do relatively well becaus

A

multi-channel nonverbal info is diffused throughout each scene

40
Q

Recall that even when participants in an experiment conducted by E. E. Jones and Victor Harris (1967) were told that people were assigned to write an essay sympathetic to Cuban dictator Fidel Castro, they still were willing to assume that the essay reflected the writer’s true “pro-Castro” attitudes. These findings illustrate

A

correspondance bias

41
Q

Ed and Violet just saw their professor slip and fall. Ed thinks, “What a clutz!”, but Violet thinks, “I bet there was water on the floor and she slipped on it.” In this case, Ed made an __________ and Violet made an __________

A

internal attribution

external attribution

42
Q

Ming is from China; Tyrone is from Canada. Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback and told that they do very well, and then asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that

A

Tyrone, but not Ming will say he succeeded due to his high ability

43
Q

Cross-cultural research by Hoffman and his colleagues (1986) on the use of implicit personality theories indicates that

A

the language we use influences implicit personality theories, thus the impressions we form

44
Q

According to Daniel Gilbert, we typically use two steps in making attributions. The first step involves automatically ______, and the second step involves _____ through controlled thinking

A

forming and internal attribution

adjusting for the situation

45
Q

Rafael has always hated mathematics courses. However, he likes most other courses at the university. Most other students tend to avoid math courses whenever possible, too. Given this information about consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, most people would make a(n) _____ attribution for Rafael’s attitude towards math courses

A

external

46
Q

An implicit personality theory is

A

schema about which traits tend to co-occur

47
Q

Gestures that have a clear meaning within a culture, but which may not be universally understood, are called

A

emblems

48
Q

Recall that a number of researchers have found that participants from _____ cultures are less likely than participants from _____ cultures to make the correspondence bias

A

Asian

Western

49
Q

“Blaming the victim” of rape, abuse, or other misfortunes is most closely related to

A

belief in just world

50
Q

________ refers to a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion and another part of the face registers a different emotion

A

affect blend

51
Q

Explanations for our behavior that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality are called

A

defensive attributions

52
Q

All of the following are among the six universally recognized facial expressions reported by Ekman EXCEPT

A

guilt

53
Q

All of the following are nonverbal behaviors EXCEPT

A

spoken words

54
Q

Larry sees a group of people weeping, with frowns on their faces and their eyes turned down. Larry ________ their expressions to understand that they are feeling sadness

A

decodes

55
Q

Recall that Shelley Taylor and Susan Fiske (1975) conducted a clever experiment in which a group of participants observed a scripted conversation between two male confederates. Some could see both of the men; others could see the face of only one or the other man. When asked questions about the two confederates (e.g., who had taken the lead in the conversation), participants who had a clear view of both men thought they were equally influential, whereas those who faced one or the other thought that the man whose face they saw was more influential. These results demonstrated that

A

the salience of perceptual stimuli can explain how the fundamental attribution error can occur

56
Q

_____ theory provides a description of how people explain the causes of their own and others’ behaviors.

A

attribution

57
Q

All of the following are examples of correspondence bias EXCEPT

A

boyfriend brings you flowers and you are suspicious

58
Q

The actor/observer difference is the tendency to see the causes of other people’s behavior as _____, while believing that the cause of our own behavior is _____

A

dispositional

situational

59
Q

The actor/observer pattern of attributions does not manifest itself when actors explain their own successes. Why?

A

actors are more motivated to enhance their self-esteem

60
Q

Students in the United States seldom applaud after a lecture, whereas students in Europe often applaud or wrap their knuckles on their desks. This cultural difference reflects the power of______ to influence nonverbal communication

A

display rules

61
Q

Anna usually doesn’t like movies with violent scenes. Still, she saw Pulp Fiction—a violent movie—five times, and loved it. Everyone else—including critics—really liked Pulp Fiction, too. According to Kelley’s covariation model, distinctiveness is _____ and consensus is _____

A

high

high

62
Q

The correspondence bias is also known as the

A

fundamental attribution error

63
Q

Professor Axelrod is interested in the effects of physical attractiveness on how others interpret the behaviors of attractive versus unattractive people. Professor Axelrod’s area of research is known as

A

social perception

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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