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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures of the integument

A

-Skin
-Hair
-Nails
-Glands

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2
Q

Functions of the integument

A

-Protection (against UVs, microbes, abrasion)
-Sensation (pressure, temperature, touch, pain sensory receptors)
-Temperature regulation
-Vitamin D production
-Excretion (small amount of waste removal)

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Thick layer of connective tissue

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4
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

-Loose CT that connects skin to underlying structures
-NOT part of skin!
-AKA hypodermis

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5
Q

Epidermis major features

A

-Avascular (nourished through diffusion)
-Layers (strata) of epithelial cells
-Separated from dermis by basement membrane

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6
Q

Epidermal cell types

A

-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Langerhan cells
-Merkel cells

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7
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Part of the immune system

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

Detect light, touch, and superficial pressure

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9
Q

Keratinization

A

As cells move superficially, they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion/forms a permeability layer

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10
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

-Limited cell division
-Contains desmosomes, lamellar bodies, and additional keratin fibers

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11
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

-In superficial layers, nucleus/other organelles degenerate, cell dies
-Contains keratohyalin

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12
Q

Thick skin

A

-All 5 layers of strata
-Areas of high abrasion (palms, fingertips, soles)
-Fingerprints and footprints (papillae of underlying dermis)

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13
Q

Thin skin

A

-4 strata (no Stratum lucidum)
-More flexible than thick skin
-Hair can grow here

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14
Q

Skin color determining factors

A

-Pigment (melanin, carotene pigment from vegetables)
-Blood circulation
-Thickness of stratum corneum

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15
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue color in skin due to decrease in blood oxygen content

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16
Q

Erythema

A

Red color in skin due to an increase in blood flow

17
Q

Stratum basale

A

-Single layer cubodial or columnar cells
-Anchors epidermis to basement membrane with hemidesmosomes
-Keratinocyte stem cells

18
Q

Dermis composition

A

-CT
-Many fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages,
-Some adipocytes and blood vessels
-Also contains nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatic vessels

19
Q

Papillary layer

A

-Superficial 1/5
-Areolar with lots of elastic fibers, dermal papillae, capillary beds
-Touch receptors, nerve endings that sense pain

20
Q

Reticular layer

A

-Deeper 4/5
-Dense irregular CT with collagen and elastic fibers
-Contains some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, and heat sensors

21
Q

Cleavage/tension lines

A

Elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others

22
Q

Subcutaneous tissue cell types

A

-Adipose
-Fibroblasts
-Macrophages

23
Q

Subcutaneous tissue functions

A

-Energy source
-Insulation
-Padding

24
Q

Dermis nerve ending types

A

-Free nerve endings
-Hair follicle receptors (light touch)
-Meissner corpuscles (2-point sensation)
-Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure)
-Ruffini end organs (continuous touch or pressure)

25
Q

Hair components

A

-Root
-Shaft
-Concentric layers (deep to superficial): Medulla, cortex, cuticle
-Hair follicle
-Hair bulb
-Arrector pili

26
Q

Hair follicle

A

-Dermal root sheath
-External root sheath (internal contains stratum basal, is visible as white bulb, may remain/source new epithelial cells, and external)

27
Q

Hair bulb

A

-Contains internal matrix: source of hair
-Dermis projects in as hair papillae, provides blood supply

28
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

-Holocrine
-Oily secretion (sebum)
-Prevents drying, may inhibit bacteria
-Most empty into a hair follicle

29
Q

Eccrine glands

A

-AKA merocrine
-Most common
-Simple coiled tubular
-Have own pores (open directly onto surface)
-Produce isotonic fluid (sweat)
-Numerous in palms and soles

30
Q

Apocrine glands

A

-Active at puberty
-Compound coiled tubular
-Usually open to hair follicles (but superficial to sebaceous glands)
-Found in axillae, genitalia, around anus

31
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

-Modified merocrine sweat glands
-Produce cerumen (ear wax)

32
Q

Mammary glands

A

-Modified apocrine sweat glands
-Produce milk

33
Q

Nail structure

A

-Nail body (stratum corneum)
-Eponychium/cuticle (corneum superficial to nail body (hyponychium is corneum beneath free edge))
-Matrix (cells give rise to nail)
-Nail bed (cells give rise to nail)
-Nail root (extends)

34
Q

Vitamin D production

A

-Vitamin D aids in Ca+ and PO4-2 adsorption from intestines, release from bones, reduces loss from kidneys
-Ca+ helps bone health, clotting, and nerve/muscle function
-7-dehydrocholesterol converts to cholecalciferol in skin, cholecalciferol is sent to liver and kidneys where it is converted to active vitamin D

35
Q

Effects of Aging

A

-Skin more easily damaged (epidermis thins, collagen levels decrease)
-Wrinkling (decrease in elastic fibers)
-Poor temperature regulation (decrease in blood supply)
-Functioning melanocytes decrease or increase

Anatomy 1 (17 decks)

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