Chapter 14 - Integration of Nervous System Functions Flashcards
Nociceptors
Pain (extreme mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli)
Propioceptors
-Detect stretch
-Associated with joints, tendons
Free nerve endings
-Most common
-Temperature
Merkel disks
Light touch, superficial pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
-Deep cutaneous pressure, vibration
-Involved in proprioception in joints
Meissner corpuscles
Two-point discrimination
Ruffini end organ
-Fingertips
-Continuous touch or pressure
Muscle spindles
-3-10 specialized skeletal muscle cells
-Provide info about length of muscle
Golgi tendon organs
-Proprioceptors associated with tendons
-Respond to increased tension
Primary receptors
Axons conduct APs in response to receptor potential
Secondary receptors
-Cause the release of neurotransmitters that bind to a receptor on a neuron and cause an AP
-Smell, taste, hearing, balance
Tonic receptors
-Proprioceptors
-Accommodate very slowly
Phasic receptors
-Proprioceptors
-Accommodate rapidly
Spinothalamic tract
-Major stimuli pathway to brain
-Primary neuron synapses with interneuron, secondary neuron crosses to other side and enters spinothalamic tract, tertiary neuron is thalamus to sensory cortex
Dorsal-Column/Medial-Lemniscal
System
-Neurons don’t cross over
-Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus: below and above midthorax, respectively
Trigeminothalamic Tract
-Joins spinothalamic tract in brainstem
-Similar sensory info, but from face
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Carries proprioceptive info (mostly unconscious)
Prefrontal motor area
Motivation/foresight to plan movements
Direct motor pathways
-Maintenance of muscle tone
-Controlling speed/precision of skilled movements
-Corticospinal and corticobulbar
Indirect motor pathways
-Extrapyramidal system
-Less precise movements
Reticular activating system
-In brainstem
-Controls sleep/wake
Wernicke area
Sensory speech
Broca area
Motor speech
Left brain
-Mathematics
-Speech
Right brain
-3D/spatial perception
-Facial recognition
-Musical ability
Alpha brain waves
Resting with eyes closed
Beta brain waves
Intense mental activity
Theta brain waves
-Children
-Adults experiencing frustration or brain disorder
Delta brain waves
-Infants
-Deep sleep
-Severe brain disorder
