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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

-Mostly composed of cells
-Covers body surfaces
-Forms glands
-Has distinct tissue surfaces
-Cells connect to surrounding cells and extracellular matrix
-Nonvascular
-High regeneration capacity

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2
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

-Protect underlying structures
-Act as barriers
-Permit passage of substances
-Secrete substances
-Absorbing substances

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3
Q

Simple squamous epithelium locations

A

-Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels and small ducts
-Alveoli of lungs
-Part of kidney tubules
-Lining of serous membranes (mesothelium)
-Inner surface of eardrum

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4
Q

Simple squamous epithelium functions

A

-Diffusion
-Filtration
-Some protection against friction
-Secretion
-Absorption

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5
Q

Simple cubodial epithelium locations

A

-Kidney tubules
-Glands and their ducts
-Choroid plexus of the brain
-Lining of parts of the lungs
-Ovaries’ surface

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6
Q

Simple cubodial epithelium functions

A

-Secretion and absorption in the kidney
-Secretion in glands and the choroid plexus
-Movement of mucus

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7
Q

Simple columnar epithelium locations

A

-Glands and some ducts
-Bronchioles of lungs
-Auditory tubes
-Uterus
-Uterine tubes
-Stomach
-Intestines
-Gallbladder
-Bile ducts
-Ventricles of brain

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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelium functions

A

-Movement of particles
-Aids in movement of oocytes
-Secretion by glands of stomach and intestine
-Absorption of cells by intestine

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9
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium locations

A

-Moist: mouth, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea
-Keratinized: skin

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10
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium functions

A

Protection against abrasion, caustic chemicals, water loss, and infection

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11
Q

Stratified cubodial epithelium locations

A

-Sweat gland ducts
-Ovarian follicular cells
-Salivary gland ducts

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12
Q

Stratified cubodial epithelium functions

A

-Secretion
-Absorption
-Protection against infection

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13
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium locations

A

-Mammary gland duct
-Larynx
-Portion of male urethra

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14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium functions

A

-Protection
-Secretion

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15
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium locations

A

-Lining of nasal cavity
-Nasal sinuses
-Auditory tubes
-Pharynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi of lungs

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16
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium functions

A

-Synthesize and secrete mucus onto free surface
-Move mucus (or fluid) that contain foreign particles over free surface and from passages

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17
Q

Transitional epithelium locations

A

Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

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18
Q

Transitional epithelium functions

A

-Accomodate fluctuations in volume of liquid
-Protection against caustic effect of urine

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19
Q

Desmosomes

A

-Disk-shaped regions of cell membrane
-Often found in areas subject to high stress
-Contain very adhesive glycoproteins
-Intermediate protein filaments extend into cytoplasms

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20
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Attach cells to basement membrane

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21
Q

Tight junctions

A

-Hold cells together
-Forms a permeability barrier

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22
Q

Adhesion belt

A

-Composed of glycoproteins that act as a weak glue to hold cells together
-Found just below tight junction

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23
Q

Gap junction

A

-Protein channels that aid intercellular communication
-Allow ions and small molecules to pass through
-Coordinate function of smooth and cardiac muscle

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24
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-No open contact with exterior
-No ducts
-Produce hormones

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25
Exocrine glands
-Open contact with exterior -Ducts -Classified by structure or method of secretion
26
Simple ducts
Ducts with few branches
27
Compound ducts
Ducts with many branches
28
Functions of connective tissue
-Enclose organs and separate organs into layers -Connect tissues to one another -Support and movement -Storage -Cushioning and insulation -Transportation -Protection
29
Embryonic germ layers
-Endoderm -Mesoderm -Ectoderm
30
Extracellular matrix major components
-Protein fibers -Ground substance -Fluid
31
Collagen fibers
-Most common protein in the body -Strong -Flexible -Inelastic
32
Reticular fibers
-Fill spaces between tissues and organs -Fine collagenous -Forms branching networks
33
Elastic fibers
-Returns to its original shape after distension or compression -Contains molecules of elastin that resemble coiled springs -Molecules are cross-linked
34
Ground substance most common molecules
-Hyaluronic acid (good lubricant) -Proteoglycans (protein attaches to hyaluronic acid, traps a lot of water) -Adhesive molecules (holds proteoglycan aggregates together)
35
Areolar CT Composition
-Collagen -Reticular fibers -Elastic fibers -Fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose cells, macrophages
36
Reticular CT Composition
-Network of fine reticular fibers and reticular cells -Spaces between cells contains white cells and dendritic cells
37
Areolar CT location
Loose packing material of most organs and tissues (AKA stroma)
38
Reticular CT location
Superstructure of lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues
39
Dense regular collagenous CT location
-Tendons (connect muscle to bone) -Ligaments (connect bones to bones)
40
Dense regular collagenous CT composition
Abundant collagen fibers to resist stretching
41
Dense regular elastic CT location
Ligaments in vocal cords (nuchal ligament)
42
Dense regular elastic CT composition
-Collagen fibers for strength -More elastic fibers
43
Dense irregular collagenous CT location
-Innermost layer of the dermis of the skin -Scars -Capsules of kidneys and spleen
44
Dense irregular collagenous CT composition
Protein fibers arranged in a randomly oriented network
45
Dense irregular elastic CT location
Walls of elastic arteries
46
Dense irregular elastic CT composition
Bundles and sheets of elastic and collagenous fibers oriented in multiple directions
47
Perichondrium
-Dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage -Fibroblasts of perichondrium can differentiate into chondroblasts
48
Hyaline cartilage composition
-Large amount of collagen fibers evenly distributed in proteoglycan matrix -Chondrocytes in lacunae -Smooth surface
49
Hyaline cartilage location
-Rib cage -Trachea -Bronchi -Forms most of skeleton in embryo -Involved in growth that increases bone length
50
Fibrocartilage composition
Thick collagen fibers distributed in proteoglycan matrix
51
Fibrocartilage location
-Knee -Jaw -Between vertebrae
52
Elastic cartilage compostion
Elastic and collagen fibers embedded in proteoglycans
53
Elastic cartilage location
-External ears -Epiglottis
54
Bone
-Osteocytes and mineralized matrix -Matrix gives strength/rigidity; is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite -Osteocytes in lacunae
55
Blood
-Fluid CT -Lacks fibers -Matrix formed by OTHER tissues
56
Hemopoietic tissue
-Forms blood -Found in bone marrow -Red (produces red/white blood cells) and yellow (produces adipocytes) -More yellow with age
57
Skeletal muscle tissue
-Striated -Voluntary -Nuclei towards edges/peripheral of cells
58
Cardiac muscle tissue
-Striated -Nuclei towards center of cells -Branching -Involuntary
59
Smooth muscle tissue
-Nonstriated -Involuntary -Associated with tubular structures and the skin
60
Axon
-Cell process -Conducts electrical impulses away from cell body -Usually 1/neuron
61
Dendrites
-Cell processes -Receive electrical impulses from other neurons -Can be many/neuron
62
Types of tissue membrane
-Cutaneous -Serous -Synovial -Mucous
63
Mucous membrane components
-Epithelium with goblet cells -Basement membrane -Lamina propia (thick layer of CT) (sometimes with smooth muscle)
64
Serous membrane components
-Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) -Basement membrane -Thin layer of CT
65
Edema
When the tissues swells (as part of the inflammation response)
66
Labile cells
-Capable of mitosis through life -Skin, mucous membranes, hemopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue
67
Stable cells
-No mitosis after growth ends -Can divide after injury -Liver, pancreas, endocrine cells
68
Permanent cells
-If killed, replaced by a different kind of cell -Limited regeneration ability -Nervous, skeletal, cardiac muscle
69
Primary Union
-Edges of wound are close together -Fibrin - scab - granulation tissue - scar
70
Secondary Union
-Ends of wound are not close -Greater chance of infection -Wound contraction leads to greater scarring
71
Effects of aging on tissues
-Slower cell division -Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure -Loss of elasticity -Rate of blood cell synthesis decreases
72
Synovial membrane components
-Modified CT cells -Intermixed with dense CT of joint or separated from joint by adipose or areolar CT -Synovial fluid: rich in hyaluronic acid
73
5 Major manifestations of inflammation
-Redness -Heat -Swelling -Pain -Disturbed function

Anatomy 1 (17 decks)

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