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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

-Mostly composed of cells
-Covers body surfaces
-Forms glands
-Has distinct tissue surfaces
-Cells connect to surrounding cells and extracellular matrix
-Nonvascular
-High regeneration capacity

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2
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

-Protect underlying structures
-Act as barriers
-Permit passage of substances
-Secrete substances
-Absorbing substances

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3
Q

Simple squamous epithelium locations

A

-Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels and small ducts
-Alveoli of lungs
-Part of kidney tubules
-Lining of serous membranes (mesothelium)
-Inner surface of eardrum

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4
Q

Simple squamous epithelium functions

A

-Diffusion
-Filtration
-Some protection against friction
-Secretion
-Absorption

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5
Q

Simple cubodial epithelium locations

A

-Kidney tubules
-Glands and their ducts
-Choroid plexus of the brain
-Lining of parts of the lungs
-Ovaries’ surface

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6
Q

Simple cubodial epithelium functions

A

-Secretion and absorption in the kidney
-Secretion in glands and the choroid plexus
-Movement of mucus

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7
Q

Simple columnar epithelium locations

A

-Glands and some ducts
-Bronchioles of lungs
-Auditory tubes
-Uterus
-Uterine tubes
-Stomach
-Intestines
-Gallbladder
-Bile ducts
-Ventricles of brain

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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelium functions

A

-Movement of particles
-Aids in movement of oocytes
-Secretion by glands of stomach and intestine
-Absorption of cells by intestine

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9
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium locations

A

-Moist: mouth, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea
-Keratinized: skin

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10
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium functions

A

Protection against abrasion, caustic chemicals, water loss, and infection

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11
Q

Stratified cubodial epithelium locations

A

-Sweat gland ducts
-Ovarian follicular cells
-Salivary gland ducts

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12
Q

Stratified cubodial epithelium functions

A

-Secretion
-Absorption
-Protection against infection

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13
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium locations

A

-Mammary gland duct
-Larynx
-Portion of male urethra

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14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium functions

A

-Protection
-Secretion

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15
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium locations

A

-Lining of nasal cavity
-Nasal sinuses
-Auditory tubes
-Pharynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi of lungs

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16
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium functions

A

-Synthesize and secrete mucus onto free surface
-Move mucus (or fluid) that contain foreign particles over free surface and from passages

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17
Q

Transitional epithelium locations

A

Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra

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18
Q

Transitional epithelium functions

A

-Accomodate fluctuations in volume of liquid
-Protection against caustic effect of urine

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19
Q

Desmosomes

A

-Disk-shaped regions of cell membrane
-Often found in areas subject to high stress
-Contain very adhesive glycoproteins
-Intermediate protein filaments extend into cytoplasms

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20
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Attach cells to basement membrane

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21
Q

Tight junctions

A

-Hold cells together
-Forms a permeability barrier

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22
Q

Adhesion belt

A

-Composed of glycoproteins that act as a weak glue to hold cells together
-Found just below tight junction

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23
Q

Gap junction

A

-Protein channels that aid intercellular communication
-Allow ions and small molecules to pass through
-Coordinate function of smooth and cardiac muscle

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24
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-No open contact with exterior
-No ducts
-Produce hormones

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25
Q

Exocrine glands

A

-Open contact with exterior
-Ducts
-Classified by structure or method of secretion

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26
Q

Simple ducts

A

Ducts with few branches

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27
Q

Compound ducts

A

Ducts with many branches

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28
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

-Enclose organs and separate organs into layers
-Connect tissues to one another
-Support and movement
-Storage
-Cushioning and insulation
-Transportation
-Protection

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29
Q

Embryonic germ layers

A

-Endoderm
-Mesoderm
-Ectoderm

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30
Q

Extracellular matrix major components

A

-Protein fibers
-Ground substance
-Fluid

31
Q

Collagen fibers

A

-Most common protein in the body
-Strong
-Flexible
-Inelastic

32
Q

Reticular fibers

A

-Fill spaces between tissues and organs
-Fine collagenous
-Forms branching networks

33
Q

Elastic fibers

A

-Returns to its original shape after distension or compression
-Contains molecules of elastin that resemble coiled springs
-Molecules are cross-linked

34
Q

Ground substance most common molecules

A

-Hyaluronic acid (good lubricant)
-Proteoglycans (protein attaches to hyaluronic acid, traps a lot of water)
-Adhesive molecules (holds proteoglycan aggregates together)

35
Q

Areolar CT Composition

A

-Collagen
-Reticular fibers
-Elastic fibers
-Fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose cells, macrophages

36
Q

Reticular CT Composition

A

-Network of fine reticular fibers and reticular cells
-Spaces between cells contains white cells and dendritic cells

37
Q

Areolar CT location

A

Loose packing material of most organs and tissues (AKA stroma)

38
Q

Reticular CT location

A

Superstructure of lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues

39
Q

Dense regular collagenous CT location

A

-Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
-Ligaments (connect bones to bones)

40
Q

Dense regular collagenous CT composition

A

Abundant collagen fibers to resist stretching

41
Q

Dense regular elastic CT location

A

Ligaments in vocal cords (nuchal ligament)

42
Q

Dense regular elastic CT composition

A

-Collagen fibers for strength
-More elastic fibers

43
Q

Dense irregular collagenous CT location

A

-Innermost layer of the dermis of the skin
-Scars
-Capsules of kidneys and spleen

44
Q

Dense irregular collagenous CT composition

A

Protein fibers arranged in a randomly oriented network

45
Q

Dense irregular elastic CT location

A

Walls of elastic arteries

46
Q

Dense irregular elastic CT composition

A

Bundles and sheets of elastic and collagenous fibers oriented in multiple directions

47
Q

Perichondrium

A

-Dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage
-Fibroblasts of perichondrium can differentiate into chondroblasts

48
Q

Hyaline cartilage composition

A

-Large amount of collagen fibers evenly distributed in proteoglycan matrix
-Chondrocytes in lacunae
-Smooth surface

49
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

-Rib cage
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Forms most of skeleton in embryo
-Involved in growth that increases bone length

50
Q

Fibrocartilage composition

A

Thick collagen fibers distributed in proteoglycan matrix

51
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

-Knee
-Jaw
-Between vertebrae

52
Q

Elastic cartilage compostion

A

Elastic and collagen fibers embedded in proteoglycans

53
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

-External ears
-Epiglottis

54
Q

Bone

A

-Osteocytes and mineralized matrix
-Matrix gives strength/rigidity; is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite
-Osteocytes in lacunae

55
Q

Blood

A

-Fluid CT
-Lacks fibers
-Matrix formed by OTHER tissues

56
Q

Hemopoietic tissue

A

-Forms blood
-Found in bone marrow
-Red (produces red/white blood cells) and yellow (produces adipocytes)
-More yellow with age

57
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

-Striated
-Voluntary
-Nuclei towards edges/peripheral of cells

58
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

-Striated
-Nuclei towards center of cells
-Branching
-Involuntary

59
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

-Nonstriated
-Involuntary
-Associated with tubular structures and the skin

60
Q

Axon

A

-Cell process
-Conducts electrical impulses away from cell body
-Usually 1/neuron

61
Q

Dendrites

A

-Cell processes
-Receive electrical impulses from other neurons
-Can be many/neuron

62
Q

Types of tissue membrane

A

-Cutaneous
-Serous
-Synovial
-Mucous

63
Q

Mucous membrane components

A

-Epithelium with goblet cells
-Basement membrane
-Lamina propia (thick layer of CT) (sometimes with smooth muscle)

64
Q

Serous membrane components

A

-Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
-Basement membrane
-Thin layer of CT

65
Q

Edema

A

When the tissues swells (as part of the inflammation response)

66
Q

Labile cells

A

-Capable of mitosis through life
-Skin, mucous membranes, hemopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue

67
Q

Stable cells

A

-No mitosis after growth ends
-Can divide after injury
-Liver, pancreas, endocrine cells

68
Q

Permanent cells

A

-If killed, replaced by a different kind of cell
-Limited regeneration ability
-Nervous, skeletal, cardiac muscle

69
Q

Primary Union

A

-Edges of wound are close together
-Fibrin - scab - granulation tissue - scar

70
Q

Secondary Union

A

-Ends of wound are not close
-Greater chance of infection
-Wound contraction leads to greater scarring

71
Q

Effects of aging on tissues

A

-Slower cell division
-Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure
-Loss of elasticity
-Rate of blood cell synthesis decreases

72
Q

Synovial membrane components

A

-Modified CT cells
-Intermixed with dense CT of joint or separated from joint by adipose or areolar CT
-Synovial fluid: rich in hyaluronic acid

73
Q

5 Major manifestations of inflammation

A

-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Pain
-Disturbed function

Anatomy 1 (17 decks)

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