Chapter 5-Social Structure and Interaction

Question 1

Social interaction

Answer 1

shared experiences through which people relate to one another

Question 2

how we interact with people is shaped

Answer 2

by perception of position relative to our own

Question 3

response to someone’s behavior

Answer 3

based on meaning we attach to their actions

Question 4

reality is shaped by

Answer 4

perceptions, evaluations, and definitions

Question 5

social structure

Answer 5

underlying framework of a society consisting of positions people occupy and relationships between them

Question 6

core elements of society

Answer 6

status
family
groups
education
networks
religion

Question 7

4 building blocks of social structure

Answer 7

statues and roles
groups
social networks
social institutions

Question 8

status

Answer 8

social positions we occupy relative to others

Question 9

ascribed status

Answer 9

assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents/characteristics(birth)

Question 10

achieved status

Answer 10

social position that is within our power to change

Question 11

master status

Answer 11

dominates other statues and determines a person’s general position within society

Question 12

social role

Answer 12

set expectations for people who occupy a given social position/status

Question 13

role conflict

Answer 13

occurs when incompatible expectations arise from to or more social statues held by the same person

Question 14

role strain

Answer 14

describe difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Question 15

role exit

Answer 15

process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

Question 16

Helen Rose Fuch Ebaugh’s stage model of role exit

Answer 16

1. doubt
2. search for alternatives
3. action stage: leaving
4. creation of a new identity

Question 17

group

Answer 17

2 or more people, united by shared sense of identity/purpose who interact with each other over time in ways that distinguish them from outsiders-part of society’s social structure

Question 18

primary groups

Answer 18

small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation, plays role in socialization process and development roles and status

Question 19

secondary groups

Answer 19

formal, impersonal groups in which there is little social intimacy/mutual understanding

Question 20

in-groups

Answer 20

groups to which people feel they belong, feel distinct and superior to those in an out-group

Question 21

out-groups

Answer 21

groups to which people feel they don’t belong

Question 22

reference group

Answer 22

groups that an individual uses a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

Question 23

Coalition

Answer 23

temporary/permanent alliance geared toward a common goal(short lived)

Question 24

social network

Answer 24

series of social relationships that link an individuals directly to others and through them, indirectly to still more peopl

Question 25

dyad

Answer 25

basic building block of a social network is a one-to-one relationship between 2 people

Question 26

triad

Answer 26

consist of 3 people and direct and indirect relationship between them

Question 27

as social network grows in size

Answer 27

complexity is compounded and number of possible indirection relationship grows as well as potential distance between 2 individuals within the network

Question 28

friendship paradox

Answer 28

most people have fewer friends than their friends have

Question 29

happy increases

Answer 29

direct link to someone who is also happy and being central to local network

Question 30

homophily

Answer 30

describes our tendency to establish close social network relationship with others who share our same knowledge beliefs, practices, and characteristics

Question 31

social institutions

Answer 31

integrated and persistent social networks dedicated to ensuring that society's core needs are met

Question 32

important institutions

Answer 32

family education religion economy government

Question 33

Gemeinschaft(Ferdinand Tonnies)

Answer 33

small, close-knit community, typical of rural life, where people have similar backgrounds and life experiences

Question 34

Gesellschaft(Ferdinand Tonnies)

Answer 34

characteristic of modern urban life, most people are strangers who feel little in common with one another

Question 35

mechanical solidarity(Emile Durkheim)

Answer 35

describe the social cohesion based on shared experiences and skills that is found in societies with a simple division of labor

Question 36

organic solidarity

Answer 36

social cohesion based on mutual interdependence

Question 37

Gerhard Lenski view

Answer 37

society's level of tech is critical to the way its organized

Question 38

preindustrial societies

Answer 38

hunting-and-gathering society horticultural society agrarian society dependent on human and animal power

Question 39

industrial society

Answer 39

depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

Question 40

postindustrial society

Answer 40

engaged primarily in the processing and control of info

Question 41

postmodern society

Answer 41

technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society

Question 42

bureaucracy

Answer 42

formal organization built upon principle of maximum efficiency, Max Weber most rational form of management ever devised

Question 43

Ideal type(Max Weber)

Answer 43

abstract model of essential characteristics of a phenomenon, helped him identify a bureaucracy core component

Question 44

bureaucracy five basic characteristics

Answer 44

division of labor hierarchy of authority written rules and regulations impersonality employment based on tech qualifications

Question 45

alienation

Answer 45

loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make and isolation from our fellow producers

Question 46

goal displacement

Answer 46

overzealous conformity to official regulations

Question 47

bureaucratization

Answer 47

refers to process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision-making in the pursuit of efficiency

Question 48

McDonaldization

Answer 48

describes the process by which principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision-making in U.S. and around the world

Question 49

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 49

describes the principle that all organizations tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few

Question 50

scientific management(late 1800s)

Answer 50

theory of management that measures all aspects of the work process to eliminate any inefficiencies, treated like any other resources, not people whose cares and concerns matter

Question 51

human relations approach

Answer 51

emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy

Question 52

aggregate

Answer 52

collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but don't interact regularly or have a shared purpose/practices

Question 53

centrality

Answer 53

measures degree to which any particular individual has more direct and indirect relationships than do others

Question 54

hunting-and-gathering society

Answer 54

people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive

Question 55

horticultural society

Answer 55

people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist an available foods

Question 56

agrarian society

Answer 56

members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crop yields through tech innovations

Question 57

elements sense of characteristics of societies today

Answer 57

stories images choices networks

Question 58

constructing the self

Answer 58

learning how we should think and act through interactions with others