Chapter 3-Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Social construction of reality

A

Ongoing interdependent relationship within which individuals create society through our actions and becomes products of the society we construct

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2
Q

Culture

A

Totality of shared language, knowledge, material objects, behavior, and social interaction

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3
Q

Society

A

Structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction, cross-cultural variation

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4
Q

Culture universals

A

Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies

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5
Q

Sociobiology

A

Systematic study of how biology affects human behavior and looks at cultural universals from a biological perspective

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6
Q

Innovation

A

Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture

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7
Q

Discovery

A

Making known/sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

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8
Q

Invention

A

Results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that didn’t exist before

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

Globalization creates more and more cultural expression and practices are crossing national borders, process comes at a cost and has led to cultural domination of developing nations by more affluent nations

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10
Q

Material culture

A

Physical modification of the natural environment to suit our purposes

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11
Q

Technology

A

Form of culture in which humans modify the natural environment to meet particular wants and needs

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12
Q

Cultural lag

A

Period of adjustment when no material culture is struggling to adapt to new condition of the material culture

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13
Q

Cognitive culture

A

Mental and symbolic representations of reality; customs, beliefs, and patterns of communication

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14
Q

Language

A

Foundation of a common culture is the system of shard symbols

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15
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images

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16
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Language a person uses shapes their perception of reality and their thoughts and actions

17
Q

Values

A

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, proper or bad, undesirable, improper in a culture

18
Q

Normative culture

A

Ways we establish, abide by, and enforce principles of conduct

19
Q

Norms

A

Establish standards of behavior maintained by a society, formal/informal

20
Q

Formal norms

A

Written down and specify strict punishments for violators

21
Q

Laws

A

Formal norms enforced by the state

22
Q

Informal norms

A

Understood but not precisely recorded

23
Q

Ideal norms

A

Guidelines for behavior that reflects what we think should be

24
Q

Real norms

A

Reflect what actually is

25
Mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society
26
Folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior
27
Sanctions
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
28
Dominant ideology
Set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimated existing powerful social, economic, and political interests, help explain and justify who gets what and why in a way that supports and maintains the status quo
29
Subcultures
Within a single nation, certain segments of the populace develop cultural patterns that differ from the patterns of the dominant society
30
Argot
Specialized language used by members of a group/subculture
31
Countercultures
Oppose certain aspects of the larger culture
32
Culture shock
Person feels disoriented/uncertain due to experiencing cultural practices different from their own
33
Ethnocentrism
Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others
34
Cultural relativism
Viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture
35
Peter Berger and Thomas Luchmann’s three step model
Constructing culture Constructing the self Constructing society
36
Culture’s three categories
Material Cognitive Normative
37
Norms three categories
Centrality Formality Adherence
38
George Murdock determined that
although all cultures share common denominators, how cultures address these practices and beliefs varies greatly.
39
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis example
we can conceive of something only if we have a term for it in our vocabulary.