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neuroscience > Chapter 5: sensorimotor system > Flashcards

Chapter 5: sensorimotor system Flashcards

1
Q

receptor cell

A

sense form of energy or substance, internal or external, than converts into a change in the electrical potentials across its membrane(acts as a filter)

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2
Q

labeled lines

A

particular neurons that are labeled for distinctive sensory experiences

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3
Q

receptor potential

A

change in the resting potential of a receptor cell in response to stimuli, which may initiate an action potential

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4
Q

sensory transduction

A

converting environmental stimuli into action potentials the brain can understand

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5
Q

somatosensory system

A

body sensations:
can determine whether body
sensations arise from outside or within the body

ca ndetermine whether body sensations arise from outside or in the body

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6
Q

receptive field

A

stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

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7
Q

sensory adaptation

A

progressive decrease in a receptors response to sustained stimulation

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8
Q

phasic receptors

A

frequency of action potentials drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained

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9
Q

tonic receptors

A

frequency of action potentials decline slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained

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10
Q

central modulation of sensory information

A

higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others

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11
Q

dermatome

A

a strip of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve

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12
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

generally the initial destination of sensory inputs to the cortex

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13
Q

polymodal neurons

A

a neuron upon which information from more than one sensory system converges

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14
Q

synesthesia

A

a filter, that only the most important stimuli are selected for special processing

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15
Q

pain

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

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16
Q

nociceptors

A

respond to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage

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17
Q

A delta fibers

A

large, myelinated, and fast-conducting axon that usually transmits pain info

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18
Q

C fibers

A

small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly

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19
Q

anterolateral system

A

somatosensory system that carries most of the pain and temperature information from the body to the brain

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20
Q

substance P

A

peptide transmitter that is involved in pain transmission

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21
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain that persists long after the injury that started it has healed

22
Q

analgesia

A

absence of or reduction of pain

23
Q

endorphines

A

endogenous opioid

24
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A

mild electrical stimulation is applied to nerves around the injury sites to relieve pain

25
Q

motor plan

A

complex set of commands to muscles that is established before an act occurs

26
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

electrical recording of muscle activity

27
Q

synergists

A

a muscle that acts together with another muscle

28
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

where the motor neuron terminal meets its target muscle fiber and transmits messages

29
Q

motor neurons

A

final common pathway, sole route through which the spinal cord and brain can control many muscles

30
Q

proprioception

A

body sense; information about the position and movement of the body
(muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs)

31
Q

muscle spindle

A

signals the central nervous system when the muscle is lengthened

32
Q

intrafusal fiber

A

any of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle

33
Q

golgi tended organs

A

sends impulses to the central nervous system when a muscle contracts/ sensitive to muscle tension

34
Q

pyramidal (corticospinal) system

A

includes neurons within the cerebral cortex and their axons, which form the pyramidal tract

35
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

axons of this system pass into the spinal cord outside the pyramids of the medulla, interfere with spinal reflexes, and systems that regulate and fine-tune motor behavior

36
Q

primary motor cortex M1

A

apparent executive region for the initiation of movement primarily the precentral gyrus

37
Q

nonprimary motor cortex

A

contribute to motor control and modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex (supplementary motor area and premotor cortex)

38
Q

supplementary motor area

A

receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex (initiation of movement)

39
Q

plegia

A

paralysis

40
Q

paresis

A

weakness

41
Q

apraxia

A

inability to carry out complex movements even though paralysis or weakness is not evident and language comprehension and motivation are intact

42
Q

two most important sources of extrapyramidal fibers

A
  1. basal ganglia: amplitude, direction, and initiation of movement from memory
  2. cerebellum: skilled movements (rapid, repeated movement that become automatic)
43
Q

ataxia

A

loss of coordination

44
Q

decomposition of movement

A

gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being smooth

45
Q

parkinsons disease

A

progressive deteriotion of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra (slow movement, hand tremors, rigid bearing, diminished facial expressions

46
Q

transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV 1)

A

detects heat

47
Q

hyperalgesia

A

following a painful stimulus associated with tissue damage, stimuli in the area of the injury and the surrounding region are perceived as significantly more painful

48
Q

basal ganglia

A

modulate movement, amplitude and direction of movement
-movement performed by memory rather than by sensory control

49
Q

peripheral sensitization

A

interaction of nociceptors with the “inflammatory soup” of substances released when tissue is damaged

50
Q

central sensitization

A

rapid onset, activity-dependent increase in the excitability of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord following high levels of activity in the nociceptive afferents

51
Q

cerebellum

A

receives inputs from sensory sources and other brain motor systems
-guides movement through inhibition
-helps fine tune skilled movements

52
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

clumsiness, twitches, involuntary jerks (damage to caudate nucleus and putamen in basal ganglia)

neuroscience (23 decks)

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