chapter 12: psychopathology

Question 1

schizophrenia

Answer 1

psychopathology disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat effect, by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and by cognitive symptoms such as poor attention span

Question 2

positive symptoms

Answer 2

abnormal behavior states that have been gained; examples include: hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior

Question 3

negative symptoms

Answer 3

abnormalities resulting from the loss of normal functions for example slow and impoverished thought and speech, emotional and social withdrawal, or blunted affect

Question 4

concordance

Answer 4

sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins

Question 5

hypofrontality hypothesis

Answer 5

schizophrenia may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes; frontal lobes are underactive

Question 6

lobotomy

Answer 6

surgical seperation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain

Question 7

chlorpromazine (thorazine)

Answer 7

early antipsychotic drug that revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia: reduces positive symptoms

Question 8

dyskinesia

Answer 8

difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement; disappear when dose is reduced

Question 9

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 9

a disorder associated with first-generation antipsychotic use and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face and mouth

Question 10

super sensitivity psychosis

Answer 10

exaggerated “rebound” psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced

Question 11

antipsychotic

Answer 11

alleviates symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

Question 12

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 12

proposed that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine releaser or dopamine receptors

Question 13

first-generation antipsychotics

Answer 13

are d2 receptor antagonists; blocks postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors

Question 14

second-generation antipsychotics

Answer 14

has primary actions other than or in addition to the dopamine d2 receptor antagonism; their highest affinity is for another transmitter receptor

Question 15

clozapine

Answer 15

a second-generation antipsychotic that blocks 5-HT2A receptors

Question 16

phencyclidine (PCP)

Answer 16

an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug, PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment

Question 17

psychotomimetic

Answer 17

a drug that induces a state resembling schizphrenia

Question 18

ketamine

Answer 18

a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist

Question 19

glutamate hypothesis

Answer 19

schizophrenia may be caused by understimulation of glutamate receptors

Question 20

depression

Answer 20

a combination of unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, change in appetite, and sleep patterns, and loss of pleasure in most things

Question 21

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Answer 21

a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

Question 22

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 22

noninvasive, repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp

Question 23

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 23

an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitter, thereby inactivating them

Question 24

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Answer 24

(SSRI’s) blocks the reuptake of serotonin in the brain

Question 25

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 25

aimed at correcting negative thinking and improving interpersonal relationships

Question 26

meta-analyses

Answer 26

a type of quantitative review of a field of research; results of multiple previous studies are combined in order to identify overall patterns that are consistent across studies

Question 27

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 27

surgery, delicate electrodes are surgically implanted in the cingulate cortex or other brain sites

Question 28

postpartum depression

Answer 28

a bout of depression immediately preceding and/or following childbirth

Question 29

bipolar disorder

Answer 29

periods of depression alternating with periods of excessively expansive mood or (mania) that includes overactivity, talkativeness, strange grandiosity, and increased energy

Question 30

lithium

Answer 30

a chemical element that often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

Question 31

anxiety disorders

Answer 31

class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states and generalized persistent anxiety disorder

Question 32

phobic disorder

Answer 32

intense, irrational fears that become centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that the person feels compelled to avoid

Question 33

panic disorder

Answer 33

recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness

Question 34

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 34

persistent, excessive anxiety and worry are experienced for months

Question 35

benzodiazapines

Answer 35

anti-anxiety drugs that are noncompetitive agonists of GABAa receptors in the central nervous system (valium)

Question 36

anxiolytics

Answer 36

drugs that combat anxiety

Question 37

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 37

a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plaque the person

Question 38

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 38

anxiety disorder where individuals experience recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop

Question 39

tourette’s syndrome

Answer 39

disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics

Question 40

which gene has been associated with schizophrenia

Answer 40

DISC1

Question 41

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that clozapine

Answer 41

relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia via serotonin receptors.

Question 42

PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?

Answer 42

NMDA

Question 43

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses

Answer 43

Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition

Question 44

People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in

Answer 44

cortisol