chapter 12: psychopathology Flashcards
schizophrenia
psychopathology disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat effect, by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and by cognitive symptoms such as poor attention span
positive symptoms
abnormal behavior states that have been gained; examples include: hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior
negative symptoms
abnormalities resulting from the loss of normal functions for example slow and impoverished thought and speech, emotional and social withdrawal, or blunted affect
concordance
sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins
hypofrontality hypothesis
schizophrenia may reflect under activation of the frontal lobes; frontal lobes are underactive
lobotomy
surgical seperation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain
chlorpromazine (thorazine)
early antipsychotic drug that revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia: reduces positive symptoms
dyskinesia
difficulty or distortion in voluntary movement; disappear when dose is reduced
tardive dyskinesia
a disorder associated with first-generation antipsychotic use and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of the face and mouth
super sensitivity psychosis
exaggerated “rebound” psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced
antipsychotic
alleviates symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors
dopamine hypothesis
proposed that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine releaser or dopamine receptors
first-generation antipsychotics
are d2 receptor antagonists; blocks postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors
second-generation antipsychotics
has primary actions other than or in addition to the dopamine d2 receptor antagonism; their highest affinity is for another transmitter receptor
clozapine
a second-generation antipsychotic that blocks 5-HT2A receptors
phencyclidine (PCP)
an anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug, PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment
psychotomimetic
a drug that induces a state resembling schizphrenia
ketamine
a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist
glutamate hypothesis
schizophrenia may be caused by understimulation of glutamate receptors
depression
a combination of unhappy mood, loss of interests, reduced energy, change in appetite, and sleep patterns, and loss of pleasure in most things
electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
noninvasive, repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitter, thereby inactivating them
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI’s) blocks the reuptake of serotonin in the brain
cognitive behavioral therapy
aimed at correcting negative thinking and improving interpersonal relationships
meta-analyses
a type of quantitative review of a field of research; results of multiple previous studies are combined in order to identify overall patterns that are consistent across studies
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
surgery, delicate electrodes are surgically implanted in the cingulate cortex or other brain sites
postpartum depression
a bout of depression immediately preceding and/or following childbirth
bipolar disorder
periods of depression alternating with periods of excessively expansive mood or (mania) that includes overactivity, talkativeness, strange grandiosity, and increased energy
lithium
a chemical element that often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states and generalized persistent anxiety disorder
phobic disorder
intense, irrational fears that become centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that the person feels compelled to avoid
panic disorder
recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent, excessive anxiety and worry are experienced for months
benzodiazapines
anti-anxiety drugs that are noncompetitive agonists of GABAa receptors in the central nervous system (valium)
anxiolytics
drugs that combat anxiety
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plaque the person
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorder where individuals experience recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop
tourette’s syndrome
disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics
which gene has been associated with schizophrenia
DISC1
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that clozapine
relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia via serotonin receptors.
PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?
NMDA
What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses
Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
People with posttraumatic stress disorder exhibit a long-term reduction in
cortisol
