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neuroscience > chapter 13: memory and learning > Flashcards

chapter 13: memory and learning Flashcards

1
Q

The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was

A

anterograde amnesia

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2
Q

Nondeclarative memory is said to deal with _______ questions.

A

“how” questions

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3
Q

Knowing the meaning of word, without knowing where or when you learned it, describes _______ memory.

A

semantic memory

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4
Q

Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome may _______ in an attempt to conceal gaps in their memory.

A

confabulate

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5
Q

The three successive systems that are necessary for recall of a past event are encoding, ________, and retrieval.

A

consolidation

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6
Q

Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when an animal moves through its spatial environment or toward a particular location.

A

hippocampus

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7
Q

After a tetanus there are _______ AMPA receptors, and these receptors are _______ effective, so the synaptic response to glutamate is _______.

A

more; more; strengthened

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8
Q

NMDA receptors are gated by…

A

the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane

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9
Q

After a brief tetanus, the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) response increases significantly and remains high. This greater responsiveness is called

A

long-term potentiation (LTP).

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10
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new information

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11
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve that information

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12
Q

amnesia

A

severe impairment of memory, usually as a result of accident or disease

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13
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories prior to an event (such as surgery or trauma)

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14
Q

Patient H.M. (henry molaison)

A

unable to encode new declarative memories because of surgical removal of medial temporal lobe structures

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15
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories after an event

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16
Q

hippocampus

A

a medial temporal lobe structure that is important for spatial cognition, learning, and memory

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17
Q

declarative memory

A

facts and information acquired through learning (“what” questions)

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18
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

procedural memory; memory about perceptual or motor procedures showed by performance (“how” questions)

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19
Q

delayed non-matching-to-sample-task

A

a test in which the individual must respond to the unfamiliar stimulus in a pair of stimuli

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20
Q

Patient N.A.

A

unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mammillary bodies

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21
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

a memory disorder, caused by thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism; damage to mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus but not temporal lobe structures, fail to recognize familiarity with items

22
Q

confabulate

A

fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true

23
Q

Patient K.C.

A

sustained damage to the cortex that rendered him unable to form and retrieve episodic memories

24
Q

episodic memory

A

(autobiographical memory) memory of a particular incident or a time and place

25
Q

semantic memory

A

knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned it

26
Q

skill learning

A

process of learning how to perform a challenging task simply by doing it over and over

27
Q

basal ganglia

A

crucial for skill learning

28
Q

priming

A

exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or similar stimulus

29
Q

associative learning

A

learning that involves relations between events

30
Q

instrumental conditioning

A

(operant conditioning) an association is formed between a behavior and its consequences

31
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the relative spatial organization of objects and information

32
Q

place cells

A

a neuron in the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location

33
Q

sensory buffers

A

a very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene

34
Q

short-term memories

A

usually lasts only seconds or as long as rehearsal continues

35
Q

long term memories

A

enduring form of memory that lasts longer

36
Q

encoding

A

information entering sensory channels is passed into STM

37
Q

consolidation

A

information in STM is transferred to LTM

38
Q

retrieval

A

stored memory in LTM is used in STM or working memory

39
Q

memory trace

A

a persistent change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory

40
Q

reconsolidation

A

return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall

41
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of the nervous system to change in response to an experience or the environment

42
Q

habituation

A

decrease in a response to a stimulus as it is repeated

43
Q

Hebbian synapses

A

a synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell

44
Q

tetanus

A

in intense volley of action potential

45
Q

long-term potentiation

A

a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation

46
Q

dentate gyrus

A

a strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation

47
Q

NMDA

A

a glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA and that is both ligand-gated and voltage sensitive

48
Q

AMPA receptors

A

a fast acting ionotropic glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist AMPA

49
Q

retrograde transmitter

A

a neurotransmitter that is released by the postsynaptic neuron diffuses back across the synapse and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron

50
Q

nonassociated learning

A

involves only one stimulus

51
Q

long-term depression

A

synapses with low levels of stimulation reduce EPSP

neuroscience (23 decks)

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