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neuroscience > Chapter 15: language and lateralization > Flashcards

Chapter 15: language and lateralization Flashcards

1
Q

communication

A

the transmission of information between individuals

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2
Q

grammar

A

rules for usage of a particular language

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3
Q

corpus callosum

A

the main bond of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

split brain individuals

A

an individual whose corpus callosum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemisphere

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5
Q

planum temporale

A

an auditory region of superior temporal cortex

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6
Q

prosody

A

the perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language (right hemisphere)

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7
Q

wada test

A

a test in which a short-lasting anesthetic is delivered into one carotid artery to determine the processing specializations of that hemisphere, such as language

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8
Q

astereognosis

A

the inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them

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9
Q

prosopagnosia

A

(face blindness) a condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces

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10
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

associated with recognition of faces

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11
Q

agnosia

A

inability to identify individual items

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12
Q

phonemes

A

a sound that is produces for language

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13
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest grammatical unit of a language; a word or meaningful part of a word

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14
Q

syntax

A

the grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences in language

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15
Q

pragmatics

A

context in which a speech sound is uttered

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16
Q

aphasia

A

impairment in language understanding and/or production that is caused by brain injury

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17
Q

Brocas area

A

a region of the frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in the production of speech

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18
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

language impairment characterized by difficult with speech production but not with language comprehension

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19
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

region of temporietal cortex in the brain that is involved in the perception and production of speech

20
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

language impairment characterized by fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension

21
Q

global aphasia

A

total loss of ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write

22
Q

connectionist model of aphasia

A

argues that language deficits result from disconnection between the brain regions in a language network

23
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

fiber tract that connects Wernickes speech area and Broca’s speech area

24
Q

conduction aphasia

A

an impairment in the ability to repeat words and sentences

25
Q

the motor theory of language

A

the theory that speech is perceived using the same left hemisphere mechanisms that are used to produce the complex movements that go into speech

26
Q

williams syndrome

A

caused by the deletion of 28 genes from chromosome 7, impairments of spatial cognition and IQ but superior linguistic abilities

27
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

used to stimulate a lesion by disrupting neural activity for up to an hour

28
Q

dyslexia

A

a reading disorder in cortical neurons

29
Q

deep dyslexia

A

acquired dyslexia in which the person reads a word as another word that is semantically related

30
Q

surface dyslexia

A

acquired dyslexia in which the person seems to attend only to the fine details of reading

31
Q

recovery of function

A

the recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury

32
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

a cell derived from an embryo that has the capacity to form any type of tissue

33
Q

constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)

A

a therapy for recovery of movement after stroke or injury in which the persons unaffected limb is constrained while they are required to perform tasks with the affected limb

34
Q

concussion

A

a form of closed head injury caused by a jarring blow to the head, resulting in damage to the tissue of the brain with short or long-term consequences for cognitive function

35
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a form of dementia that may develop following multiple concessions, such as in athletes engaged in contact sports

36
Q

language

A

highly specialized communication based on assembly of arbitrary symbols to convey a vast range of things, actions, and concepts

37
Q

spatial cognition

A

our ability to navigate and understand spatial relationships between objects

38
Q

astereognosis

A

inability to name an object by feel

39
Q

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

A

left visual field

40
Q

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?

A

Fusiform gyrus

41
Q

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

A

recognize faces.

42
Q

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

A

Broca’s

43
Q

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area leads to _______ aphasia.

A

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

44
Q

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

A

phonemes; grammar

45
Q

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

A

dyslexia

46
Q

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

47
Q

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

A

restraining

neuroscience (23 decks)

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