Chapter 5: physical development and health in infants and toddlers

Question 1

what are the two principles of development?

Answer 1

1- cephalocaudal principle: top-down growth
2- proximodistal: growth and motor from center of body outward

Question 2

facts about physical growth? (5)

Answer 2

1- rapid rate of growth
2- muscles become longer and thicker
3- layer of fat added during 1st year
4- cartilage is slowly replaced by bone
5- teething (5-9 months = 1 tooth, 1 year = 6-8 teeth, 2.5 years - 20 teeth)

Question 3

mechanisms of physical growth (3)

Answer 3

1- heredity influences growth and adult height
2- the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone
3- nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid

Question 4

Nutrition (4)

Answer 4

1- milk is first food
2- cereals and other solids introduced before 1 year
3- optimal growth and brain development require sufficient
4- around 2 years old toddlers become more picky

Question 5

advantage of breastfeeding for baby:

Answer 5

bond with mom, sterile, temperature, optimal nutrition, digestion, immunity, weight management, cognitive development, fewer cavities, etc.

Question 6

advantage of breastfeeding for mom

Answer 6

free, quick, easy, decreases breast/ovarian cancer risk, strength of bones, recovery, etc.

Question 7

obesity in infancy (3)

Answer 7

1- 95th percentile
2- increased in infancy and all ages
3- risks factors (obese mothers, infants gaining rapidly weight)

Question 8

consequences of nutrition (3)

Answer 8

1- stunted growth
2- poor health
3- poor functioning and cognitive ability throughout life

Question 9

risks factors leading to malnutrition

Answer 9

poverty, low quality food, poor dietary patterns, contaminated water, unsanitary conditions, insufficient hygiene, inadequate healthcare, diarrheal diseases

Question 10

building the brain (3)

Answer 10

brain size: 25% at birth and 80% at 2 yo
myelination: coating neurons to better deliver messages
brain plasticity: brain adaptation and development

Question 11

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

frontal (personality, plans, emotions, motor), parietal (somatosensory), temporal (hearing), occipital (vision)

Question 12

what are the two hemispheric specialization?

Answer 12

left: language, logic
right: visual-spatial

Question 13

what are the reflexes? (11)

Answer 13

rooting - turn head or mouth toward a touch on cheek, chin, mouth (locating the nipple)
suck
moro - startle reflex
palmar (darwinian grasping) - grasp finger or other objects
stepping - walking
babinski - toes are spread when underside of foot is stroked
swimming
tonic-neck - one side extend (leg and arm) while the other side flexes
breathing
blinking
withdrawl - from dangerous stimulus

Question 14

reflexes (3)

Answer 14

survival (rooting, sucking), protect (blink, withdrawal), foundations (stepping reflex, palmar)

Question 15

the visual cliff

Answer 15

babies on a transparent acrylic tabletop laid to give the impression of a vertical drop, and they perceive a difference between the ledge and the drop even when their mothers beckoned from the far side.

Question 16

fine motor skills

Answer 16

small movement of hands and fingers, skills: fist to fingers)

Question 17

gross motor skills

Answer 17

large body movement (locomotion)

Question 18

influence of nature and nurture on motor development

Answer 18

nature - biological maturation, genes, internal motivation (temperament)
nurture - external motivation, opportunity and environment, ethnic and cultural practices

Question 19

what are FTT, SBS, SIDS?

Answer 19

failure to thrive
shaken baby syndrome
sudden infant death syndrome

Question 20

child maltreatment

Answer 20

abuse: physical emotional, sexual
neglect: failure to meet basic needs