Chapter 5 part 2 Flashcards
According to Erik Erikson, what is the stage in which 3-5 y.o. find themselves in?
Initiative vs Guilt
What does the Initiative vs guilt stage (Psychosocial stages of erik erikson) consists of?
Exploration of the world - asserting control and power over the environment - experience guilt when they go too far (related to parental influence)
What is shame? What are the resulting behaviours?
Primitive feeling felt when personally humiliated
Withdrawal, fury, feelings of revenge
What is guilt? What are the resulting behaviours?
Experienced when personal moral standards or hurtful actions to another human being occur
Result in connections and attempts to make amends
What is self awareness? How is it related to the theory of mind?
The ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
It is the 1st step towards developping a theory of mind; we need to understand our mind before realizing others have one too
What allows for socioemotional development during Erik Erikson’s stage of Initiative vs Guilt?
Emotion regulation,
Motivation,
Self-Concept
What is emotion regulation?
Ability to understand and recognize one’s emotions
Possible as the limbic system connects with the prefrontal cortex
What is motivation?
Preschool chilren are motivated with a drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from within
What is the self-concept?
Understanding who you are in relationship to self-esteem, appearance, personality and various traits
Mainly consists in observable characteristics and typical emotions/attitudes
Around what age do children start to become self-aware?
1.5 y.o
What is self-esteem?
judgements made about our own worth and feelings associates with those judgments
Influences future behaviour, emotional experiences, psychological adjustment
How does self-esteem change in adolescence?
The emphasis on the determinants of self-esteem change from childhood
What are the 3 categories of elements in which school aged children engage in social comparison?
Characteristics (taller, bigger, smarter, etc)
Behaviours (run faster)
Possessions (she has a puppy)
What are prosocial behaviours?
Sharing, caring, helping others, etc
What is altruism?
Prosocial behaviours that are carried our for selfless, non egocentric reasons
What is empathy?
Feeling same/similar emotions that another person is experiencing
What is sympathy?
Feeling upset for another person’s plight
What is the difference between empathy and sympathy
Empathy is prosocial, sympathy is not
Sympathy is not as deep as empathy
What is aggression?
Any hostile, destructive act
What is proactive aggression?
Calculated act to inflict harm to gain something
What is reactive aggression?
Impulsive act of inflicting harm, often caused by a strong emotion
What is direct aggression?
Everyone can see it
What is relational aggression?
Carried out indirectly, through damaging or destroying the victim’s relationship
Name 3 purposes of play other than fun for children
Allows to practice adult roles
Allows to gain a sense of control
Furthers child’s understanding of social norms
Name the 4 types of play children engage in
Rough/tumble play
Fantasy play (make scenarios and act them out)
Collaborative pretend play (do something together, ex build something)
Gender segregated play (boys an girls associate with members of their own sex and play w them)
Describe the evolution of play habits from 2 y.o. to middle childhood
2 - Onlooker (observing others play)
Ealry childhood: Parallel play (together but not together)
4-5 y.o - collaborative play
Name types of emotions that preschoolers can correctly judge
Causes and consequences of emotions
Behavioural signs of emotions
Describe what are externalizing tendencies when it comes to emotions
Lashing out at others/breaking things Difficult emotional regulation Expression of powerful feelings Uncontrolled physical or verbal ourbursts Blames others for their failures
Describe what are internalizing tendencies when it comes to emotions
Turning emotions and distress inwards
Difficulty with emotional regulation
Excessively feeling guilt, shame, worthlessness
May develop learned helplessness
Children start to become aware of strategies for emotion self-regulation by the age of 4. What is this realization affected by?
Temperament and parenting
What are the 2 dimensions of parenting?
Responsiveness and provision of structure/rules
What are the 4 parenting styles?
Authoritative (high responsiveness, high discipline)
Authoritarian (Low responsiveness, high discipline)
Permissive (high responsiveness, low discipline)
Rejecting/neglecting (Low responsiveness, low discipline)
What are the critiques of the parenting styles model?
It might be too simplistic: there are more than 2 dimensions to parenting (varies with culture and the environement)
In the study about parenting styles, anger temperament and authoritative parenting was associated with?
Less internalizing problems
In the study about parenting styles, effortful temperament and authoritarian parenting was associated with?
More internalizing problems
What is it to remember about the study on parenting styles?
Temperaments and parenting styles interact together to create different outcomes
Besides our parents, our peers also socialize us. What is acculturation?
Tendency of new comers to become similar to the mainstream culture (to become more like their non-new comers peers)
What are the repercussions of authoritative parenting?
Self-control, moral maturity, high self esteem
What are the repercussions of authoritarian parenting?
Anxiety, unhappiness, low self esteem, anger, defiance
What are the repercussions of permissive parenting?
Impulsivity, poor school achievement
What are the repercussions of uninvolved parenting?
Depression, anger, poor school achievement
What is corporal punishment?
use of physical force to discipline a chil
What are the “rules” of psychologists suggesting it mght be ok to spank a children?
Never spank an infant
Light spanking with preschoolers when a behaviour needs to be stopped immediately
Explanation should accompany spanking
Reserve spakning as a backup technique
Use any other alternative disicplinary technique first
What is children maltreatment?
Any act that seriously endangers a child’s physical or emotional well-being
What is physical abuse?
Assault resulting in child’s physical injury
What is neglect?
Failing to meet child’s needs
What is emotional abuse?
Continual shaming or serious acts such as terrorizing or exploiting a child
What is sexual abuse?
Rape, incest, fondling, pornography
Describe emotional consequences of child maltreatment
poor emotion self-regulation
impaired empathy/sympathy
depression
Describe adjustment/behavioural consequences of child maltreatment
substance abuse
violent crime
Describe thea consequences on learning of child maltreatment
impaired executive functions
low academic motivation
Name some qualities of resilient children that might develop after they suffer from abuse
superior emotional regulation
special talents
optimistic world view
at least one warm, loving relationship helps
“good” genes: easy temperament, superior intellectual and social skills
What is sublimation?
After abuse children might turn to a defense mechanism which consists of turning pain and suffering into something more productive (usually artistic)
