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PSYC 333 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

All physical and psychological changes undergone during the lifetime

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2
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Interdisciplinary field of study devoted to understanding human growth throughout life

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3
Q

What is discontinuous development?

A

very distinct stages represented by events (“levels”); new ways of understanding and responding to the world suddenly emerge at specific times

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4
Q

Is discontinuous development qualitative of quantitative?

A

qualitative (ex: caterpillar becomes a butterfly)

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5
Q

What is continuous development?

A

smooth, continuous process of development, gradually upgrading the same type of skills that were present from the start

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6
Q

Is continuous development qualitative of quantitative?

A

Quantitative (for example you grow in height)

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7
Q

Are developmental milestones the same for everyone?

A

Yes, but not everyone goes through them (example some skip crawling and directly start walking)

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8
Q

Is developmental context the same for everyone?

A

No, everyone evolves into a distinct developmental context which influences their development

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9
Q

What is the physical aspect of development?

A

height, weight, walking, teeth, hormonal changes

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10
Q

What is the socioemotional aspect of development?

A

independence, emotion regulation, relationship skills, emotional intelligence

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11
Q

What is the cognitive aspect of development?

A

memory, logic, executive functions, moral thinking, language use

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12
Q

What are the 4 main assumptions of development?

A
  1. There is lifelong development with changes in the physical, cognitive, social-emotional areas
  2. Development is multidirectional and multidimensional
  3. Development is plastic at all ages
  4. Development is influenced by multiple interacting forces (multidimensional)
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13
Q

What does multidirectional development means?

A

not always happening in the same direction (ex: there are plateaus of weight/height)

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14
Q

What is multidimensional development?

A

more than one factor affecting development in one area (ex: growth does not only influence weight, diet and exercise too)

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15
Q

What does it means to say that development is plastic?

A

It will adapt to various circumstances

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16
Q

What is resilience?

A

Ability to effectively adapt to events/environments (adversity), can take many shapes and forms

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17
Q

What is age-graded influence on development?

A

Some events are strongly predicted by age (ex: starting to walk, puberty, getting a driver’s license)

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18
Q

What is history-graded influence on development?

A

Cohort - group of people born around the same time - tend to be somewhat alike in terms of values etc

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19
Q

What helped the perception of childhood to become more kind during the scientific revolution, thus lowering child labor and mistreatment?

A

• John Locke
○ Considered that children are born as tabula rasa (all nurture)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
○ Inborn “innocence” of childhood (same principle - mostly nurture)

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20
Q

What is a theory?

A

Organized set of ideas allowing us to describe, explain and predict behaviour

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21
Q

Who kept biographies of his children?

A

Charles Darwin; though they were NOT systematic observations

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22
Q

Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

23
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale used for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Predict school achievement, learning problems and describe the normal curve of IQ

24
Q

What is the name of Freud’s theory of development?

Study These Flashcards
A

Psychosexual theory

25
What is the oedipus complex?
Feelings towards the parent of the opposite sex and feelings or rivalry with the parent of the same sex
26
What is the Id?
The source of pleasure and instinctual drives (pleasure at all costs)
27
What is the Ego?
The mediator between the Id and the Superego; works with the reality principle (wants our basic needs to be met but in a socially acceptable manner)
28
What is the Superego?
Our morality/conscience. Is harsh and punitive; does not take pleasure into account
29
What is Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory about?
Human development is a product of interaction between an individual's needs, abilities, social expectations and demands (psychological crises which are followed by the gain of a virtue)
30
What is John B Watson's classical conditioning theory?
Acquiring behaviour via association of reflexes/emotions with various cues
31
What is BF Skinner's operant conditioning theory?
Behaviour changes as a function of what follows the behaviour (can be strengthened or weakened depending on the nature of the stimuli that follows it - punishment or reinforcement)
32
What is Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
Children have a motivation to imitate behaviour through observation, modeling or reinforcement, punishment
33
What is the Bobo doll experiment?
Girl you know that
34
What is Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory?
Children actively learn as they experience the world to, ultimately, achieve maturation (and become fit to the world) We mentally grow through assimilation and accomodation into our own schemas
35
What is assimilation and accomodation into our schemas of things?
Assimilation: Adding info to the schema (making the schema fit the info) Accomodation: making the info fit the schema
36
What is Lev Vygotsky's social development theory?
emphasis of sociocultural influences on cognitive development (cognitive development stems from social interaction)
37
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological model?
Development in complex systems of relationships is affected by the environment (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem)
38
What is the microsystem in the ecological model?
relationships directly involving the child (ex: parents, friends, family, teachers, etc)
39
What is the mesosystem in the ecological model?
relationships that the kids witnesses but is not part of directly (ex: parents with their friends)
40
What is the exosystem in the ecological model?
other institutions than government which influence the child (for ex: mass media that vehicles the message of the govt)
41
What is the macrosystem in the ecological model?
Government institutions, time period or general ideologies and socio-economic period
42
What are the 2 principles of nature and nurture being combined?
* Principle 1: our nature shapes our nurture | * Principle 2: We need the right nurture to fully express our nature
43
What is the principle of person-environment fit?
The environment influences the personality and vice versa; they interact with each other Ex: very active parent + a child who does not enjoy physical activity = potential conflict at home
44
What are the characteristics of a collectivistic culture?
* Social harmony * Families have the central role * Promoting selflessness * Group success
45
What are the characteristics of an individualistic culture?
* Individual identity * Independence * Competition * Personal Success
46
What is gender?
socially constructed identity
47
What is biological sex?
anatomically-defined
48
What is a naturalistic observation?
* In natural setting | * Ex: aggressive preschooler
49
What is a controlled observation?
* Not necessarily in natural settings; mostly in controlled environments (expose the subject only to what you want to expose them too) * Ex: stranger anxiety
50
What is a research by correlation?
• Statistical relation between 2 variables • Positive and negative correlations • Used to study variables just as they occur ○ Ex: length of relationship =+/- similarity in attitudes/opinions? • Correlation DOES NOT equal causation
51
What is a research by experiment?
* Manipulating (independent) variable and observing its effects on another (dependent) variable * Stronger inference about causality
52
What is a cross-sectional design?
• Compare groups of different ages at the same period of time ○ Cohorts: each age group
53
What is a longitudinal design?
• Follow one group of individuals over time | ○ Ex: aggression trajectories in boys from 6 to 15 years of age
54
What is a sequential design?
• Repeated study of cohorts over time

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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