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PSYC 333 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

All physical and psychological changes undergone during the lifetime

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2
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Interdisciplinary field of study devoted to understanding human growth throughout life

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3
Q

What is discontinuous development?

A

very distinct stages represented by events (“levels”); new ways of understanding and responding to the world suddenly emerge at specific times

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4
Q

Is discontinuous development qualitative of quantitative?

A

qualitative (ex: caterpillar becomes a butterfly)

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5
Q

What is continuous development?

A

smooth, continuous process of development, gradually upgrading the same type of skills that were present from the start

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6
Q

Is continuous development qualitative of quantitative?

A

Quantitative (for example you grow in height)

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7
Q

Are developmental milestones the same for everyone?

A

Yes, but not everyone goes through them (example some skip crawling and directly start walking)

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8
Q

Is developmental context the same for everyone?

A

No, everyone evolves into a distinct developmental context which influences their development

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9
Q

What is the physical aspect of development?

A

height, weight, walking, teeth, hormonal changes

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10
Q

What is the socioemotional aspect of development?

A

independence, emotion regulation, relationship skills, emotional intelligence

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11
Q

What is the cognitive aspect of development?

A

memory, logic, executive functions, moral thinking, language use

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12
Q

What are the 4 main assumptions of development?

A
  1. There is lifelong development with changes in the physical, cognitive, social-emotional areas
  2. Development is multidirectional and multidimensional
  3. Development is plastic at all ages
  4. Development is influenced by multiple interacting forces (multidimensional)
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13
Q

What does multidirectional development means?

A

not always happening in the same direction (ex: there are plateaus of weight/height)

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14
Q

What is multidimensional development?

A

more than one factor affecting development in one area (ex: growth does not only influence weight, diet and exercise too)

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15
Q

What does it means to say that development is plastic?

A

It will adapt to various circumstances

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16
Q

What is resilience?

A

Ability to effectively adapt to events/environments (adversity), can take many shapes and forms

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17
Q

What is age-graded influence on development?

A

Some events are strongly predicted by age (ex: starting to walk, puberty, getting a driver’s license)

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18
Q

What is history-graded influence on development?

A

Cohort - group of people born around the same time - tend to be somewhat alike in terms of values etc

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19
Q

What helped the perception of childhood to become more kind during the scientific revolution, thus lowering child labor and mistreatment?

A

• John Locke
○ Considered that children are born as tabula rasa (all nurture)
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
○ Inborn “innocence” of childhood (same principle - mostly nurture)

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20
Q

What is a theory?

A

Organized set of ideas allowing us to describe, explain and predict behaviour

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21
Q

Who kept biographies of his children?

A

Charles Darwin; though they were NOT systematic observations

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22
Q

Who developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A

Alfred Binet

23
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale used for?

A

Predict school achievement, learning problems and describe the normal curve of IQ

24
Q

What is the name of Freud’s theory of development?

A

Psychosexual theory

25
Q

What is the oedipus complex?

A

Feelings towards the parent of the opposite sex and feelings or rivalry with the parent of the same sex

26
Q

What is the Id?

A

The source of pleasure and instinctual drives (pleasure at all costs)

27
Q

What is the Ego?

A

The mediator between the Id and the Superego; works with the reality principle (wants our basic needs to be met but in a socially acceptable manner)

28
Q

What is the Superego?

A

Our morality/conscience. Is harsh and punitive; does not take pleasure into account

29
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory about?

A

Human development is a product of interaction between an individual’s needs, abilities, social expectations and demands (psychological crises which are followed by the gain of a virtue)

30
Q

What is John B Watson’s classical conditioning theory?

A

Acquiring behaviour via association of reflexes/emotions with various cues

31
Q

What is BF Skinner’s operant conditioning theory?

A

Behaviour changes as a function of what follows the behaviour (can be strengthened or weakened depending on the nature of the stimuli that follows it - punishment or reinforcement)

32
Q

What is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory?

A

Children have a motivation to imitate behaviour through observation, modeling or reinforcement, punishment

33
Q

What is the Bobo doll experiment?

A

Girl you know that

34
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

Children actively learn as they experience the world to, ultimately, achieve maturation (and become fit to the world)
We mentally grow through assimilation and accomodation into our own schemas

35
Q

What is assimilation and accomodation into our schemas of things?

A

Assimilation: Adding info to the schema (making the schema fit the info)
Accomodation: making the info fit the schema

36
Q

What is Lev Vygotsky’s social development theory?

A

emphasis of sociocultural influences on cognitive development
(cognitive development stems from social interaction)

37
Q

What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model?

A

Development in complex systems of relationships is affected by the environment (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem)

38
Q

What is the microsystem in the ecological model?

A

relationships directly involving the child (ex: parents, friends, family, teachers, etc)

39
Q

What is the mesosystem in the ecological model?

A

relationships that the kids witnesses but is not part of directly (ex: parents with their friends)

40
Q

What is the exosystem in the ecological model?

A

other institutions than government which influence the child (for ex: mass media that vehicles the message of the govt)

41
Q

What is the macrosystem in the ecological model?

A

Government institutions, time period or general ideologies and socio-economic period

42
Q

What are the 2 principles of nature and nurture being combined?

A
  • Principle 1: our nature shapes our nurture

* Principle 2: We need the right nurture to fully express our nature

43
Q

What is the principle of person-environment fit?

A

The environment influences the personality and vice versa; they interact with each other
Ex: very active parent + a child who does not enjoy physical activity = potential conflict at home

44
Q

What are the characteristics of a collectivistic culture?

A
  • Social harmony
  • Families have the central role
  • Promoting selflessness
  • Group success
45
Q

What are the characteristics of an individualistic culture?

A
  • Individual identity
  • Independence
  • Competition
  • Personal Success
46
Q

What is gender?

A

socially constructed identity

47
Q

What is biological sex?

A

anatomically-defined

48
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A
  • In natural setting

* Ex: aggressive preschooler

49
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A
  • Not necessarily in natural settings; mostly in controlled environments (expose the subject only to what you want to expose them too)
  • Ex: stranger anxiety
50
Q

What is a research by correlation?

A

• Statistical relation between 2 variables
• Positive and negative correlations
• Used to study variables just as they occur
○ Ex: length of relationship =+/- similarity in attitudes/opinions?
• Correlation DOES NOT equal causation

51
Q

What is a research by experiment?

A
  • Manipulating (independent) variable and observing its effects on another (dependent) variable
  • Stronger inference about causality
52
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A

• Compare groups of different ages at the same period of time
○ Cohorts: each age group

53
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

• Follow one group of individuals over time

○ Ex: aggression trajectories in boys from 6 to 15 years of age

54
Q

What is a sequential design?

A

• Repeated study of cohorts over time

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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