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PSYC 333 > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Define puberty

A

Involves hormonal and physical changes that contribute to sexual maturity and adult height

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2
Q

Name the defining event of puberty for females, and the age around which it happens

A

Menarche: beginning of menstruations (around 12-13 years old, but it can vary)

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3
Q

Name the defining event of puberty for males, and the age around which it happens

A

Spermarche (semenarche): first ejaculation (the age can greatly vary)

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4
Q

Name 3 defining factors impacting the age around which puberty can happen for people

A

Genes and sex (earlier onset in girls)
Body fat % (higher = sooner puberty)
Stress (+ = sooner puberty)

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5
Q

What is the trend for the age of the start of puberty in the developed world?

A

For a century this age has continuously increased (its later and later)

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6
Q

Name the 2 hormonal programmers of puberty

A

Arenal androgens and HPG axis

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7
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Gonads

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8
Q

What does the adrenal androgens control? When does this system start?

A

Starts secretion before puberty (around middle childhood)

Controls growth of hair, skin changes, sexual desire, etc

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9
Q

What does the HPG axis control? When does this system start?

A

Sex hormones and their related physical changes

Linked with stress - HPA axis - can be a trigger for puberty

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10
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Changes involving directly the organs of reproduction (all that concerns genitals/reproductive system)

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11
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Changes not directly involved in reproduction (rest of the body developing; hair, skin, frame, weight, etc)

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12
Q

How does puberty affect girls?

A

Six months after a growth spurt; they will develop breasts, pubic hair, body fat deposits, etc

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13
Q

How does puberty affect boys?

A

After growth of testes and penis begin; growth of body hair, muscle mass, change in frame, larynx (voice), hands, legs, feet grow

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14
Q

What are the risks of early onset of puberty for girls?

A

Developing acting-out behaviours (gravitating around older peers, unprotected sex, disconnecting from school)
Risk of becomming anxious/depressed (body dissatisfaction, self-consciousness)

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15
Q

Is early onset of puberty a good thing for boys?

A

Yes, it increases their self-confidence and popularity

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16
Q

Is late onset of puberty for girls a good thing?

A

Yes, it makes them more popular, sociable, confident

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17
Q

Is late onset of puberty for boys a good thing?

A

No, it reduces their self-confidence, makes them depressed and anxious

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18
Q

Harter’s research concerned teen’s self-esteem; he proposed that self-esteem is based in 5 main domains, what are they?

A 
Scholastic competence,
Behavioural conduct
Athletic skills
Peer likeability
Physical appearance
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19
Q

How do the 5 domains of self-esteem fluctuate throughout life? which is most important in teenage years?

A

They stay the same, but their relative importance vary throughout life
In teens, physical appearance is given much more importance

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20
Q

What is the thin ideal?

A

Pressure to be abnormally thin

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21
Q

How does the thin ideal influence boys vs girls?

A

Girls: both overweight and underweight are affected
Boys: not so affected, want to build muscles rather

22
Q

Name 2 influences of body image satisfation (or dissatisfaction) in teens

A 
Sociocultural factors (medias, etc)
Weight-based teasing from family, peers, romantic partners
23
Q

What % of teen boys an girls struggle w their weight in elementary school?

A

25% boys

40% girls

24
Q

Define the characteristics of anorexia nevrosa

A

Persistent restriction of food leading to significantly low body weight
Either an intense fearof gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behaviour that interferes w weight gain
Disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body shape and weight on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight

25
Q

Define the characteristics of bulimia nevrosa

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating:
1. eating a lot in a short amount of time
2. sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviour
Binging occurs once a week for 3 months at least

26
Q

Define the characteristics of binge eating disorder

A

Eating excessive amounts of food, often when not hungry

Feelings of guilt, disgust after an episode

27
Q

What is the difference between bulimia and binge eating?

A

Bulimia has purging after binging, binge eating does not

28
Q

Name contributing factors to eating disorders

A 
Stron hereditary component
Temperamental tendency
Neurotransmitters (mood)
Comorbidity of other disorders
Family, social influences
29
Q

When are the first sexual feelings appearing? Why?

A

Around 10y.o.

Programmed by adrenal androgens

30
Q

How can nurture interfere in the development of sex hormones?

A

Reaction to body changes, relations with peers, etc

31
Q

Name a few of the forces affecting an earlier transition to intercourse

A 
Peer pressure
Several content in media
Biology (early puberty)
SES
Personality (impulsivity, risk taking)
Religion (more = higher age of 1st intercourse)
32
Q

What is the sexual double standard between boys and girls? What does research shows about it?

A

Boys mainly want sex ans girls want commited relationships

Research has shown that both genders put their priority on intimacy

33
Q

Which neurotransmitters are heightened during adolescence?

A

Dopamine pathways and serotonin pathways

34
Q

What happens in adolescent brains?

A

Pruning in frontal lobes

Myelin will not be mature for years still (around 20-25)

35
Q

What is Piaget’s last stage? What are the characteristics?

A

Formal operational thinking
Abstract reasoning at its peak
From 12 y.o.
Full cognitive capacity

36
Q

What is Kohlberg’s moral reasoning stage about?

A

Go beyond Piaget’s model

There are 3 levels of moral reasoning

37
Q

Name the 3 levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg

A

Preconventional (personal punishment/reward)
Conventional (Obeying social norms)
Postconventional (focused on inner moral guidelines apart from society)

38
Q

In which stage of Kohlberg moral reasoning are teens? And adults?

A

Teens: conventional

Adults, sometimes postconventional but most are still in conventional

39
Q

What were the bias in Kohlberg’s study?

A

his sample were all males

from the same neighborhood

40
Q

What were the contributions of Kohlberg’s study?

A

awareness raised about values and moral priorities

41
Q

What were the criticisms of Kohlberg’s study?

A

Moral compass start earlier?
Male-centered?
Validity of scenarios used

42
Q

Define Elkind’s adolescent egocentrism

A

Elkind’s term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center of everyone else’s consciousness

43
Q

Adolescent egocentrism has been developed from which theory?

A

From Piaget’s formal operations

44
Q

Name and describe the 2 components of adolescent egocentrism

A

Personal fable: tendency for adolescents to believe that their lives are special and heroic
Imaginary audience: tendency of adolescents to feel that everyone is watching their actions (comes with negative repercussions; they are even + aware of their flaws, and hypersensitive to other’s opinions)

45
Q

Are adolescents more socially sensitive?

A

YES: they are more vulnerable to peer pressure in emotionally-charged situations, and they have a tendency for immediate gratification over future reward

46
Q

Are adolescents risk takers?

A

YES: peer pressure and neurotransmitters play a role in this

47
Q

Are adolescents more emotional, emotionally-disturbed, or both?

A

YES AND NO: they are not necessarily emotionally disturbed: they live on an intense emotional plate but this does not mean emotion disturbance and mental health problem, most are optimistic and confident

48
Q

What happens with adolescents relations with their family?

A

Their relation with their family become more conflict-indcuing (especially on the terms of rules), and they feel more upbeat with friends

49
Q

Define a clique

A

Intimate +/- 6 members group

50
Q

Define a crowd

A

Larger groups of best friends and a more loose-knit st of peers that the adolescent associates with less regularly

51
Q

Define deviancy training

A

socialization of young teens into delinquency

52
Q

Define hostile attribution bias

A

Interpreting other’s behaviours as having hostile intent

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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