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PSYC 333 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are epiphyses

A

The cap at the end of bones

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2
Q

What are the states of brain development in early childhood?

A

Pruning principally, but myelination and synaptogenesis are still happening

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3
Q

When is the frontal lobe done growing?

A

At about 20y.o.

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4
Q

What does the frontal lobe regulate?

A

Physical, cognitive and socioemotional functioning

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5
Q

Name 2 important gross motor skills developing during childhood

A

Balance and gait

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6
Q

When are children able to balance on 2 wheels?

A

Around 4-5 yo

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7
Q

When are children able to balance on 1 foot?

A

Around 5-6 yo

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8
Q

When does gait start to improve?

A

Around 2yo

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of fine motor skills developing in early childhood abnd 3 related activities

A

Grasping
Holding
Manipulating

Tying shoes
Drawing
Eating

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10
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 2?

A

Picking up small objects
Walking unassisted
Rolling or flinging ball

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11
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 3?

A

Prints name

Tosses ball overhead with elbow bent

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12
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 4?

A

Cuts paper

Cuts/draws approximate circle

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13
Q

What is the state of motor development at age 6?

A

Copies short words
Hops on each foot
Catches and controlls ball with arms inn front of the body

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14
Q

Name 3 sources of individual difference making a difference in motor development?

A

Practice
Adult encouragement
Socialization of gender differences : results in differential skills in boys vs girls

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15
Q

Name 4 factors (more physically related) influencing physical development?

A

Heredity/hormones
Infectious diseases
Injuries
Nutrition

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16
Q

What can malnutrition cause?

A

Stunting - growth impairment (disrupt physical development)

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17
Q

Name some limitations of using BMI as an indicator of health

A

Muscle is heavier than fat
Might overlook issues if the general weight is normal (does not take into account muscle/fat ratio)
Does not take lifestlye into account

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18
Q

What is pseudotumor cerebri?

A

condition in which the pressure around the brain increases to the point of causing headaches, swells the optic nerve (vision problems)

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19
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

fatty liver disease (liver is so inflamed because of the fat)
Liver function is compromised when inflamed

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20
Q

What is glomurelosclerosis?

A

relates to kidneys (hardening of the glomeruloses - tiny blood vessels in the kidneys - functional unit of kidneys)
Can lead to kidney failure

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21
Q

What is the influence of weight on puberty?

A

Puberty is more or less the same for everyone (happens around the same time) - but with overweight it might happen earlier
Self-esteem/psychological problems
Problematic outcomes later on (behavioural)

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22
Q

Can exposure to stress increase the risk of obesity?

A

Yes, objective or subjective stress

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23
Q

Name 4 factors that might influence children obesity.

A

Working parents - less time to monitor the child (to cook, sit down meals, monitor diet)
Food portions - restaurants (general fast-food/family restaurants = very big servings)
Low-cost, calorie rich food preferences - easy and convenient, gives you what you want and costs less
Lack of exercise - most emphasized culprit (modern lifestyle is more sedentary)

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24
Q

Describe the stage of preoperational thinking (2-7yo)

A

Cognition marked by an inability to step back from one’s immediate perceptions and think conceptually
Referring to “what i see is what is real”

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25
Q

What is animism?

A

involves crediting an inanimate object with life-like properties (believing the toy is alive)

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26
Q

What is anthropomorphism?

A

attribution of human traits to inanimate objects

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27
Q

What is artificialism?

A

(can go beyond childhood) all things are created by an intelligent entity (for example a parent, not necessarily God)

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28
Q

What is seriation?

A

Being able to put things in order according to a principle

limited in preoperational stage

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29
Q

What is transitivity?

A

ability to recognize logical relationships and perform transitive inferences
• Ex: pete is bigger than josh and Kevin is smaller than josh
§ Not able to tell the relationship between pete and kevin
(limited in preoperational stage)

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30
Q

What is centration?

A

Greatest limitation of preoperational stage

Focusing on only one fact of the problem = centration

31
Q

What is conservation?

A

understanding that the amount of something stays the same even if it changes form/shape
(limited in preoperational stage)

32
Q

What is reversibility?

A

understanding that something can go back to its original shape *that we can reverse the sequence of events and come back to initial results
(limited in preoperational stage)

33
Q

What is class inclusion?

A

ability to use conceptual thinking to classify objects according to categories
There is a certain ability to understand the classes
(limited in preoperational stage)

34
Q

What is egocentrism? Which paradigm is used to demonstrate it?

A

not able to place themselves in someone else’s shoes (seeing the world from other people’s perspective)
The 3 mountains paradigm is used to demonstrate it

35
Q

What is egocentric speech?

A

not other-oriented
• Test (on image): child has to give directions to get the same tower as the other child
• Listener has to listen to speaker to know what to do
• Children unable to provide listener-oriented instructions
• (Ex: you take this block and you put it first)

36
Q

What is appearance-reality confusion?

A

struggle to understand that what we see is not always real

Goal is appearance-reality distinction

37
Q

Is appearance-reality confusion all black and white?

A

No, children develop it gradually and not all at the same time

38
Q

What is identity non-consistency?

A

unable to understand that someone can change their appearance and still be the same person

39
Q

Name the pros of Piaget’s theory

A

Insight into children’s mind
Academic schooling starting at 7 (believes that there is no logical thinking before then, therefore no point in starting school earlier than this)

40
Q

Name the cons of Piaget’s theory

A

Did not theorize about mechanisms of the mind
Does not believe in active teaching
Underestimates cognitive ability
Undervalues sociocultural influence

41
Q

What are the main points of Vygotsky’s social development theory?

A

Interpersonal processes and the role of society in cognition
Language being a vehicle for learning
Believes in schooling before 7 (environment influences learning)
Importance of having a model
Development is a collaborative endeavor

42
Q

What is apprenticeship?

A

Process during which a more skilled master teaches to a less skilled apprentice through guided participation and intersubjectivity

43
Q

What is intersubjectivity?

A

everyone understands the activity and everyone agrees to its rules

44
Q

What is inner speech?

A

Repeating information silently or “out loud” in order to regulate behaviour or to master cognitive challenges (can also think out loud)
According to vygotsky’s social learning theory, language is center to everything that is learned

45
Q

When does word learning happens according to social development theory? How is it called?

A

aroun 18 months

Called fast-mapping: connection of new words to their exact referrent

46
Q

What is infant-directed speech?

A

adults speak slower and more high-pitched, and use easy words to talk to babies

47
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Sound units that convey meaning in language

Ex: kee for cat

48
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Smallest unit of meaning in a language

Ex: word man in human

49
Q

What is syntax?

A

Grammatical rules of a language

50
Q

What are semantics?

A

Meaning system of a language

Ex: Yoda speaking is hard to understand

51
Q

What is overregulation?

A

Common mistake where generalrles for plurals or past tense forms are misapplied
ex: to run, runned

52
Q

What is overextension?

A

Common mistake where verbal labels are applied too broadly

Ex: refer to a cat as a kitty but also as a lion

53
Q

What is underextension?

A

Common mistake where verbal labels are applied too narrowly

Ex: calling only your cat kitty but no other cat

54
Q

Name 2 word-learning styles and their definition

A

Expressive-style: social emphasis (feelings)

Referential style: intellectual emphasis (Labelling)

55
Q

Name ways in which parents can assist in learning language

A

Speaking to children frequently
Naming objects that grab the children’s attention
Using gramatically sophisticated speech
Reading to children while carefully describing pictures

56
Q

What is the zone of proximal development? And scaffolding?

A

The gap between the current competence and the potential competence
Scaffolding: building upon the current knowledge until the potential competence
Related to guided participation/human development

57
Q

Name the pros of vygotskys theory of development

A

Accounting for sociocultural influences

Emphasis on the role/support of the teacher in cognitive development

58
Q

Name the cons of vygotsky’s theory of development

A

Overemphasis on the role of language in thinking
Rarely conducted any research
Did no use experiments, only observations

59
Q

Name examples of executive functions

A 
Attention
Working memory
Inhibitory control
Planning
The last 2 develop gradually during preschool
60
Q

Until 7yo, kids have a limited capacity holding bin in terms of memory. What does that mean?

A

Can only remember 2-3 things at once
• As they grow, they can remember more things at once
• Adults can multitask more easily

61
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

appears with the sense of self, ability to remember facts about the self
(Sense of self emerges between 1.5 and 3 yrs old)

62
Q

What do we mean when we say that children in early childhood have an “immature neural basis”?

A

their hippocampus develops early, but their prefrontal cortex develops later (executive functions impaired)

63
Q

Why do we say preschooler’s memory is vulnerable?

A

Can remember suggestions/stories as things that actually happened

64
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

learning strategy where people repeat info to embed it in memory

65
Q

What is selective attention?

A

learning strategy where people manage to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information

66
Q

Name 3 principles that preschoolers have mastered when applied to less than 5 objects

A

One to one principle: add a number name to each object being counted
Stable order principle: number names must be counted in the same order
Cardinality principle: last number in a counting sequence denotes how many objects there are in a set

67
Q

Name some characteristics of ADHD

A 
Usually diagnosed in elementary school
Most often in boys
Lower dopamine levels
Excessive restlessness
Easily distracted
Trouble estimating time
Deficits in executive functions
68
Q

What are 2 ways to treat ADHD?

A

Psychostimulants (increasing dopamine levels)

Foster a better person/environment fit (parents and school)

69
Q

What is the theory of mind and when does it develops?

A

Other people ahve different perspectives from one’s own

Develops around 4-5 yo

70
Q

What are the 3 phases of the development of the theory of mind? What is an example of a task that illustrates this concept

A

Aware of desires: speaks of wants and likes
Distinguish mental from physical world
Know that behaviour can be based on beliefs about events, even if the belief is false
Sally and Anne marble in the basket story

71
Q

Name 3 factors associated with early development of theory of mind

A

Having older siblings
Advanced intellectual development
Bilingual preschoolers

72
Q

Name 2 factors associated with later development of theory of mind

A

Frontal lobe damage

Autism

73
Q

What is mind blindness?

A

Hard to focus on another individual (prefers to focus on their inner world)
Can hardly figure out that others have needs/wants
Autistic children

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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