Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is the scrotum?
Contains the testicles
What is the seminal vesicle?
secretes fluid to be mixed with the sperm
What is the prostate?
A gland that surronds a portion of the urethra; produces seminal fluid to nourish the sperm (in conjunction with the seminal vesicle)
What is the vas deferens?
A duct (muscular tube) in which the sperm is transported from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the uterus?
The home of the baby?!
What are the fallopian tubes?
Fine tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus
What is the endometrium?
The lining of the uterus
What are the ovaries?
Contain the mother’s gentic material
What is the cervix?
“Gate” between the vaginal canal and the uterus
What is the vagina?
Elastic organ extending from the vulva to the cervix
What is the prenatal development principle “cephalocaudal”?
The fetus grows from the head to the tail
What is the prenatal development principle “proximodistal”?
The fetus grows from the middle to the outside (chest to limbs)
What is the prenatal development principle of mass to specific sequence?
Large structures will appear before smaller ones (ex: fingers before fingernails)
What are the 3 periods of the 1st trimester?
Zygote (1-2 weeks)
Embryo (3-8 weeks)
Fetus (9-12 weeks)
What is the period of the 2nd semester?
Fetus (13-24 weeks)
What is the period of the 3rd trimester?
Fetus (25-38 weeks)
What happens in the germinal stage? (0-2 weeks - zygote)
Fertilization (union of sperm and ovum)
Implantation (blastocyst adheres to the wall of the uterus)
What happens in the embryonic stage? (3-8 weeks - embryo)
The blastocyst becomes an embryo once its adhered
It contains the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which will become the neural groove and the neural tube around 20 days.
After about a month, the heartbeat appears, the brain develops and the genital organs develop
What are the 3 first parts of the brain to develop?
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
What happens throughout the 1st 30-60 days?
The brain regions start to differentiate
What happens in the fetal stage? (week 9 until birth - fetus)
The amniotic sac, fluid, the umbilical cord, and the placenta are all developed, and the body is mostly developped
What is the role of the amniotic sac and its fluid?
Protect and nourish the fetus
What is the role of the umbilical cord?
Connecting the fetus to the placenta
What is the role of the placenta?
Involved in exchanging nutrients, oxygen and waste
What is the lanugo?
Fuzzy hairs covering the fetus’ body (so that the vernix can stick to it)
What is the vernix?
Cheese-like substance that covers the body to protect the skin from constant exposure to the amniotic fluid
What happens throughout the 8th and 9th months of pregnancy?
Baby has a significant weight gain, and the fetus rotates head down
What happens throughout the 5th and 7th months of pregnancy?
Baby starts to move, lanugo and vernix develop, and the baby is in a fetal position
What are teratogens?
Threats during pregnancy that can compromise the development of the child
Name teratogens
Drugs, medication, alcool, tobacco Maternal distress Maternal infectious diseases Genetic disorders Environmental radiation
What is an ultrasound?
Using high frequency sound waves to capture images of the baby and the uterus
What is the Alpha-fetoprotein test?
detect birth defects via analyse of the levels of AFP
drawing blood
What is the Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)?
detect birth defects via analyse of a sample of placenta
Trying to detect a certain bacteria in the placenta
What is Amniocentesis
checking for baby’s health, paternity, genetic diseases, etc: not automatically performed
What can a mother experience in the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
- Headaches, fatigue, morning sickness, etc
- Miscarriages are more prevalent
What can a mother experience in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
- Feeling better physically
- Maternity clothes
- Baby’s movements
- Feelings of attachment
What can a mother experience in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
- Leg cramps, backaches, insomnia
- unpleasant irregular uterine contractions
- anxious anticipation
What are the 3 steps of childbirth?
- Dilatation/effacement of cervix
- Delivery of the baby
- Expulsion of placenta
What are 3 threats during childbirth?
Cervix not fully dilated
Breech position
Anoxia
What is breech position?
When a baby is turned so that the buttocks or fett would be delivered 1st
What is anoxia?
inadequate oxygen supply during labor and delivery
What is episiotomy?
Making an incision in the vaginal opening to allow for delivery of the baby more easily
What is an epidural?
Numbing of the lower body to allow for a more easy childbirth
What is a c-section?
Delivery of the baby by medical incision in the uterus
What is an isolette?
Where we put babies after childbirth (usually premature babies)
What is the APGAR scale?
A method to quickly evaluate the health of a new born child
Drugs + consistently associated w negative outcomes
Cocaine, crack, heroin (“hard” drugs)
What is the danger of taking drugs during pregnancy?
Baby becomes addicted (drug fed to the children through placenta)
What is phocomelia?
malformation of the limbs due to consumption of thalidomide (taken to alleviate morning sickness)
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Various birth defects associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy
What is the neonatal abstinence syndrome?
withdrawl symptoms the baby experiences when it is born; because the mother’s consumption of drugs/alcohol made the baby addicted while it was in the womb
How many points on the APGAR scale is considered dangerous for the baby?
Below 7
