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PSYC 333 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is NREM (regular) sleep?

A

Infant is at full rest and shows little/no body activity. No eye movements, eyelids closed, face relaxed, regular breathing

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2
Q

What is REM (irregular) sleep?

A

Gentle limb movements, occasional stirring, facial grimacing

Rapid eye movements and irregular breathing

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3
Q

What is drowsiness?

A

Either falling asleep or waking up
Body is less active than in irregular sleep but more than in regular sleep
Eyes open and close

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4
Q

What is quiet alertness?

A

The infant’s body is relatively inactive, eyes are open and attentive

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5
Q

What is waking activity and crying?

A

Bursts of uncoordinated body activity, irregular breathing and crying may occur

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6
Q

What is the sleep/wake pattern of a newborn?

A

Sleeping about 18hrs per day, awake 3-4hrs

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7
Q

What is the sleep/wake pattern of a 6 months old?

A

Sleeps 6hrs per night

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8
Q

What is the sleep/wake pattern of a 1yr old?

A

Sleeps 12hrs per night and naps during the day

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9
Q

What are the possible causes of sudden infant death syndrom?

A

Relationship with neurons in the brain

Stomach sleeping

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10
Q

How can we reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Avoid fluffy bedding

Place on their backs for sleeping

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11
Q

What is the cephalocaudal trend of body development?

A

Head develops before body

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12
Q

What is the proximodistal trend of body development?

A

Body grows from the center outward

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13
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Proliferation of neural connections

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14
Q

What is myelination?

A

formatinon of myelin sheaths around neurons

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15
Q

WHat is pruning?

A

reduction of unused synapses and neurons (from 4-6yrs old)

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16
Q

What is the rooting relfex?

A

having their cheek stroked = turn head and attempt to suck

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17
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

suck anything close to the mouth

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18
Q

What is the grasping reflex?

A

bending of the fingers in response to tactile stimulation on the palm

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19
Q

What is the moro relfex?

A

in response to feeling that they are falling / lose support: they spread out the arms

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20
Q

What is the stepping relfex?

A

when soles of feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to walk

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21
Q

What is the babinski reflex?

A

when the sole is tickled, the toes spread out

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22
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A

• Measures electrical activity in the brain

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23
Q

How does an fMRI work to expose cells in the brain?

A

• Brain molecules excited by magnetic field - then relaxation: signal emitted when relaxed

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24
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

• Injected with tracer substance (IV) - active parts of the brain will light up

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25
Q

What is the sensitive period of brain development?

A
  • Stimulation contributes to brain growth

* Period when the brain benefits from stimulation a lot

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26
Q

What is experience-expectant brain growth? Give an example

A

Brain’s rapidly developing organization which depends on ordinary experiences (stimuli that we are pretty much all exposed to)
Ex: development of primary language by hearing our parents talk

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27
Q

WHat is experience-dependent brain growth? Give an example

A

Refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures (no sensitive period)
(Specific to individuals and their own life experiences)
Ex: development of a 2nd language (at school or at home; it depends on this person’s life)

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28
Q

What is the influence of genes on physical changes?

A
  • Genes provide boundaries

* If both parents started to speak at 1yr, then its more expected that you also do it at that age

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29
Q

Why is breastfeeding recommended for the 6 first months?

A

Provides Nutrients, antibodies, mother-child bonding

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30
Q

What is stunting?

A

not growing normally (short stature caused by malnutrition)

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31
Q

What is habituation in the context of learning? Give an example

A

gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to stimulation (new toy excitation fades away)

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32
Q

What is recovery in the context of learning? Give an example

A

once-habituated stimuli can now elicit a response again (ex: peek-a-boo)

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33
Q

What is gross-motor development?

A

(involves large muscle groups) ex: crawling, walking

34
Q

What is fine motor development?

A

(involves finer muscle groups) reaching, grasping

35
Q

Name 3 factors that influence the development of a child’s motor skills

A

• Body movement capacity
• Child’s goals
• Environmental support for the skill
All influence the child’s motor development

36
Q

What is the differences in fine motor skills in the first VS the next 6 months of life?

A

0-5 months: move the arms as soon as something interesting catches the eye, can grasp objects close to them, but can’t really reach
6-12 months: Can watch and follow objects as well as holding them for longer, can shake objects and release them voluntarily

37
Q

What is the differences in gross motor skills in the first VS the next 6 months of life?

A

0-5 months: keeps rolling over from front to back / vice-versa, tries to sit with support
6-12 months: crawl forward on belly, can sit without support, able to take 2-3 steps without help

38
Q

Go revise the steps of auditory development

A

x

39
Q

go revise the steps of visual development

A

x

40
Q

What is required for the successful completion of the visual cliff test?

A

Binocular vision required

Depth perception happens around 8 months

41
Q

What is Gibson’s differentiation theory about?

A

Children search for invariant/common features in their environment; and they gradually detect finer and finer features - they can recognize what is familiar and what is not
Active exploration helps to develop the sense of differentiation

42
Q

What are affordances?

A

all the possibilities for the infant to explore the environment

43
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A

Linking aspects of perception together (ex: voice with face - audio with visual)

44
Q

What is the 1st stage of Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory? What happens there?

A

Sensorimotor stage - from birth to 2yrs old
Infants experience the world through senses/actions
Purposeful experimentation
Object permanence is introduced
End of stage = development of language

45
Q

What is deferred imitation?

A

Imitating caregivers not simultaneously (ex: little girl imitating mother on the phone)

46
Q

What is A-not-B error?

A

will choose cloth A where they last saw the toy even if they saw people put it under the B cloth

47
Q

What are circular reactions?

A

Primary: 1-4 months
• Repetitive habits centering about the baby’s body
• Ex: grabbing toes, moving legs, sucking thumb, etc

Secondary: 4-12 months
• Repetitive habits centering on environmental objects
• Ex: grasping toys, reaching for them, shaking toys, etc

Tertiary: 1-2 years
• Repetitive habits centering around exploring objects properties
• Ex: Exploring the object’s properties, more experimenting (see the outcomes of behaviour: spit out food and see where it lands)

48
Q

What was Bower and Wishart “lights out technique”?

A

closing the lights and seeing what the child does to find the toy
Demonstrated that infants grasp physical reality before age 1 - contrairly to Piaget’s theory of sensorimotor development

49
Q

What was Baillargeon’s “violation of expectation paradigm” about? What did it demonstrate?

A

Children looked at lot more to an impossible event vs a possible (plausible) one: they have an idea of what is possible/not in the physical world

50
Q

Name 3 milestones of memory development in infants between 5 months and 9 months

A

Memory: +/- 9 months = remembering events from previous days
Forming categories: +/- 7-9 months = distinguishing between animals and vehicles
Understanding numbers: +/- 5 months = distinguishing between different numbers (mostly with the 2:1 ratio - could differentiate between 4 and 8 but not 4 and 6)

51
Q

What is Vygotsky’s social development theory about?

A

emphasis on sociocultural influences on cognitive development - DID NOT agree with Piaget’s theory

52
Q

What can the Bayley scales assess? What are their limitations?

A
  • Cognitive abilities (ability to engage in play-pretend)
  • Language
  • Motor (gross and fine scales)
  • Social-emotional (ability to engage with others socially, to regulate own emotions, engage in cooperative play)
  • Adaptive behaviour (Mix between multiple scales; ability to perform “everyday life skills”)

Those scales cannot predict later intelligence - they are useful to asses current state of development

53
Q

What is social cognition?

A

Refers to inferences made about people’s inner feelings and goals based on their actions (these inferences will in turn influence our behaviours)

54
Q

What happened when 5 months olds kids were shown a video where the dog in the white shirt was nice and the blue shirt one was mean? What does it implies?

A
  • Children chose the white shirt one when given the choice

* They have a sense already of what is good or bad/people’s goals

55
Q

What is joint attention?

A

The first sign that a child is getting human interaction (watching the same thing as someone for example)

56
Q

What is the progressing of joint attention from 2 to 9+ months?

A
  • 1st form: eye contact (2-3 months)
  • Intentional joint attention - follow gaze of the parent (+/- 6 months)
  • Pointing (8-9 months)
  • Gaze checking (9+ months)
57
Q

What is Noam Chomsky’s view on language?

A

Nativist theory: there is a biologically-programmed language Acquisition Device

58
Q

What is BF Skinner view on language?

A

language is learned by being reinforced

59
Q

What is the social-interactionist view on language?

A

○ Language is dependent on the place where a person is reared
○ Interactions between the baby and the caregiver - one encourages the other

60
Q

Go review slide on language development milestones

A

x

61
Q

What is the 1st stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?

A

Stage 1: Infancy (birth to 1yr) - basic trust vs mistrust

62
Q

What is attachment?

A

Powerful bond of love between a caregiver and a child

63
Q

What is the behaviourist view on attachment (Watson and Skinner)

A

John B Watson
-Appeared hostile to the idea of attachment
-Crusaded against the dangers of “too much” mother love
B.F. Skinner
-Minimized human attachment need
-Believed “maternal reinforcement” created infant’s need to be close to caregiver

64
Q

What is ethology? Name one of its founding fathers

A

study of animal behaviours under natural conditions (exploring adaptive/evolutionary traits) - Konrad Lorenz

65
Q

What is Lorenz’s discovery with gooselings?

A

They attach with the first moving thing they see when they are born - its a biologically programmed attachment response (it’s called imprinting)

66
Q

What was Harry Harlow’s experiment with monkeys? What were the conclusions?

A
  • Isolating babies from mothers at birth and exposed to either a barb wire mother or a cloth covered mother (sort of doll)
  • Monkeys preferred the cloth mother - contact comfort important to bonding
67
Q

What was John Bowlby’s main theory about attachment?

A

a primary attachment figure is crucial for healthy development (resulted in a change in hospital policies for visits of parents)

68
Q

What is Bowlby’s evolutionary based theory of attachment?

A
  • 1st year is a critical period when the attachment response is programmed to emerge
  • Proximity-seeking behaviour: survival response is activated by threats occurring at any age
69
Q

Name the 4 stages of the attachment theory

A

Pre-attachment stage (first 3 months)
• Social smile (smile back at people)
• Does not reflect attachment to a specific person
Attachment in the making stage (3-7 months)
• Transitional period
• Begin to develop a sense of trust to the caregiver
Clear-cut attachment stage (7+ months)
• Needing the primary caregiver close
• Start to understand they are a separate person from caregiver and they need the presence of caregiver
Reciprocal relationship (18-24 months)
• Definitely prefers the caregiver
• Development of language

70
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of the strange situation test by Mary Ainsworth?

A

Secure, avoidant (ignores caregiver) or resistant (doesn’t stop crying when caregiver arrives)
Disorganized: frightened by their caregiver

71
Q

Name 3 important concepts influencing the attachment style of a child with its caregiver

A
  • Synchrony: bidirectional relationship
  • Caregiver-sensitivity hypothesis: caregiver’s response to baby signals are foundation for secure attachment
  • Temperament: inborn style of dealing with the world
72
Q

Review basic emotions chart

A

x

73
Q

When do children begin to acquire a sense of “self”?

A

Around 1.5-3 years old

74
Q

Can children recover from deprivation, and is there an age at which help might come too late?

A

1st year is critical for attachment - by 3 years its almost too late (it wont have as much impact later on if by 3yrs there is no bond)

75
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder?

A

extremely unattached or malfunctioning (cannot establish relationships)

76
Q

What is the 2nd stage of psychosocial development theory? What is it about?

A

Toddlerhood (1-2 years): autonomy VS Shame and doubt
Not enough experimentation with their own autonomy leads to shame and confusion (do not put too much demands on the child) - has to learn the consequences of their actions and caregiver has to be there to support this exploration

77
Q

Name a few ways that we can help toddlers

A
  • Respond with sensitivity and support
    • Give advance notice of change in activities
    • Explain the reasoning behind each behaviour
    • Reinforce self-controlled behaviour
    • Encourage sustained attention
    • Support language development
    • Increase rules gradually
78
Q

What is socialization?

A

Process by which children are taught to obey the norms of society (right/wrong)

79
Q

What is the difference between exuberant and shy toddlers in terms of socialization?

A
  • Exuberant, joyful, fearless toddlers are more difficult to socialize
  • Shy toddlers tend to withdraw from social interactions
80
Q

How can we socialize a shy toddler?

A
  • Do not “treat them as glass”
  • Be responsive
  • Expose them to new situations
81
Q

How can we socialize an exuberant toddler?

A
  • Foster positive guidance

* Arrange a child’s environment to suit temperamental style

PSYC 333 (9 decks)

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