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Biology Spring Upgrading > Chapter 5 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (Part 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

new offspring arise through the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes, creating a genetically unique individual.

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

new offspring are produced by a single parent. The offspring are
genetically identical to each other and to their parents.

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3
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce…

A

asexually

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4
Q

what is a plasmid

A

a much smaller, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecule

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5
Q

What is the function of plasmids

A

code for additional genes that may contribute to the survival of the bacterium.

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6
Q

hereditary info in prokaryotes

A
  • stored in DNA
  • chromosome is a single circle of double-stranded DNA
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7
Q

cell division in prokaryotes have a simple cell cycle which takes place in two stages

A
  1. Copy the DNA (DNA replication)
  2. Split the cell in two, forming two daughter cells. (Binary Fission)
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8
Q

1st step of DNA replication in prokaryotes

A

Double-stranded DNA is ‘unzipped’
(breaking of H-Bonds)

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9
Q

when DNA is copied starting at the…

A

origin of replication

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10
Q

Enzyme DNA polymerase

A

uses original DNA molecule as a template to form new strands of DNA

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11
Q

complementary nucleotides are added to…

A

the exposed DNA strands in each direction

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12
Q

Binary Fission

A

after replication chromosomes move to either side. cytoplasm separates and the membrane pinches in. making two new cells

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13
Q

conjugation

A

acquire DNA (plasmids) from other bacteria
- cell-to-cell through pili

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14
Q

transduction

A

acquire DNA from viruses
- inserted into bacterium by bacteriophage

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15
Q

transformation

A

acquire DNA from surroundings
- DNA fragments are taken up from enviroment

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16
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells are…

A

linear and packed into compact chromosomes

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells have two ways to to divide DNA depending on the cell type

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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18
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division mechanism that occurs in somatic cells
(also in undifferentiated stem cells which become somatic cells)
(Produces 2 cells with the same number of chromosomes

19
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division mechanism that occurs in germ cells.
→ Involves 2 rounds of cell division
(Produces 4 cells with half the number of chromosomes

20
Q

Stomatic cells

A

any cell in a multicellular organism that is not a germ cell or undifferentiated stem cell

21
Q

Germ cells

A

aka sex cells. reside in the gonads (ovaries and testicles) for sexual reproduction.

22
Q

interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases)

A

Cells spend most of their time here (normal function, growth, prep for mitosis).

23
Q

Mitosis (M phase)

A

No protein synthesis. Chromosomes condense, line-up, and separate

24
Q

Cytokinesis (C phase)

A

cell splitting

25
Q

G0 Phase

A

cell cycle arrest, dormant (only occurs in some cells)

26
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • Cells spend most of their life here and perform normal cell functions.
  • Some organelles like mitochondria are replicated here.
27
Q

S Phase

A
  • Synthesis (of DNA) phase.
  • DNA is replicated here before cell division
28
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Second growth phase. Preparation for mitosis.
  • Can be very short or may not occur at all.
  • The G2 checkpoint is very important to check for mutations after DNA replication.
29
Q

T/F - the # of chromosomes determines the complexity of the organism

A

false

30
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes that align with each other during meiosis

31
Q

Alleles

A

Homologs have the same genes in the same loci along each chromosome but have different variations of those genes

32
Q

Sister chromatids

A

a result of DNA replication and are
exact copies of each other

33
Q

The sister chromatids are
joined together by a structure called a…

A

centromere

34
Q

humans have how many total chromosomes

A

46

35
Q

how many pairs homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

36
Q

A Karyotype

A

a visual chromosome count of an
organism showing what these
chromosomes look like under a
light microscope

37
Q

Mitosis is a continuous process, but it is divided into four
distinct stages

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
38
Q

Prophase

A
  • condensed chromosomes become visible
  • The nucleolus disappears
  • Centrioles separate and migrate to
    opposite ends (“poles”) of the cell
39
Q

centrioles form…

A

a network of spindle fibers (made uo of microtubles)

40
Q

spindle fibers grow from each pole until attached to…

A

a kinetochore (a centromere at a protein attachment site)

41
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the
centre of the cell. Chromosomes align along an imaginary plane that divides the cell in half.

42
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate (enzymes break the cohesin and the kinetochores). The microtubules of the spindle are dismantled, starting at the poles. (This pulls the chromatids toward the poles.)

43
Q

Telophase

A

→ The spindle is dismantled
→ A nuclear envelope starts to form
around the set of chromosomes at
each pole
→ The chromosomes begin to
uncondensed
→ The nucleolus reappears

44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

occurs at the end of mitosis. is the division of the cytoplasm into equal halves. occurs by actin filaments contracting and pitching the cell into 2

Biology Spring Upgrading (15 decks)

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