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Biology Spring Upgrading > Biology Chapter 2 (part 2) > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 (part 2) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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2
Q

DNA

A

instructions used in growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses

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3
Q

RNA

A

main function is to code for the production of proteins. can also act as genetic material for RNA viruses

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4
Q

DNA molecules contain hundreds to thousands of individual ________

A

genes

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5
Q

DNA and RNA consists of monomers called _________

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

Each nucleotide has three parts

A

five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base

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7
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine (six-membered ring linked with a five-membered ring)

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8
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (single six-membered ring)

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9
Q

for each base pair in DNA base pairs always form between…

A

a purine and a pyrimidine

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10
Q

Structure of DNA

A

double helix and has only two possible base pairs

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11
Q

Adenine (A) pairs with

A

Thymine (T) (2 H-Bonds)

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12
Q

Cytosine (C) pairs with

A

Guanine (3 H-Bonds)

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13
Q

Base pairs are held together by what type of bond?

A

hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

sugars and phosphate groups are connected by what type of bond?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

sugars are connected to the base by what type of bond?

A

glycosidic bonds

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16
Q

Uracil (U) pairs with ______ and only is use in _______

A

Adenine (A), RNA

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17
Q

What is the sequence of the
complimentary strand?

ACTTTGATCCTAG

A

TGAAACTAGGATC

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18
Q

When cells replicate by mitosis, they make a _____ of their DNA which will go to the daughter cell

A

copy (the entire molecule is copied)

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19
Q

When cells are actively making proteins, a portion of their DNA in the nucleus is …

A

transcribed into RNA. RNA then migrates to the cytoplasm and acts as the code for making the protein

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20
Q

Carbohydrates make up the …

A

structural framework of cells

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21
Q

carbs play a critical role in…

A

energy production and storage

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22
Q

a carbohydrate is any molecule that contains…

A

H, C, and O, in a 1:2:1 ratio

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23
Q

simple carbs are made up of…

A

one or two monomers

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24
Q

complex carbs are…

A

polymers made up of many monomer subunits

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25
Q

monosaccharides consist of

A

one monomer subunit. (glucose, galactose, and fructose)

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26
Q

Disaccharides consist of

A

two monosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

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27
Q

many foods contain…

A

high fructose corn syrup

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28
Q

fructose is processed by the

A

liver and is directed towards replenishment of liver glycogen and synthesis of triglycerides

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29
Q

many ___________ are high in fructose

A

processed foods

30
Q

our body prefers to use glucose for _____ and fructose is often stored as _____

A

energy production, fat

31
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose (table sugar)

32
Q

lactose

A

glucose and galactose (milk/dairy)

33
Q

maltose

A

glucose and glucose (grain)

34
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

cause by deficiency in the production of the enzyme lactase. it can cause bloating and diarrhea

35
Q

If a person doesn’t produce the enzyme lactase…

A

lactose isn’t digested and absorbed in the small intestine. so the bacteria in the large intestine consume it and produce gas as a waste product.

36
Q

Many glucose monomers
connected by a-1,4 glycosidic
linkages

A

linear

37
Q

Many glucose monomers
connected by a-1,4 glycosidic
linkages and a-1,6 glycosidic
linkages. Branched.

A

branched

38
Q

Many glucose monomers
connected by B-1,4
glycosidic linkages

A

linear

39
Q

Starch

A

Much of our fuel comes from starchy foods which gets broken down into glucose

40
Q

Glycogen

A

The storage form of glucose in our Liver and skeletal muscle

41
Q

Cellulose

A

Makes up fibre in our foods. We can not digest cellulose, but it does contribute to health of our
G.I. Tract

42
Q

Lipids

A

Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids

43
Q

lipids compose 60% of the

A

brain

44
Q

fatty acids help your cells…

A

stay flexible and are responsible for building cell membranes

45
Q

60% of hearts energy comes from…

A

burning fats

46
Q

fats compose the material that ______ and _______ the nerves

A

insulates and protects. (isolating electrical impulses and speeding their transmission)

47
Q

lipids in the lungs

A

Lung surfactant prevents airways from collapsing and allowing us to breathe with minimal effort

48
Q

fats in a meal helps slow down digestion why?

A

helps so the body has more time to absorb nutrients, helps provide a constant level of energy for longer periods of time.

49
Q

fat-soluble vitamins can only be absorbed if…

A

fat is present

50
Q

fats do what for your organs?

A

cushions and protects your internal organs

51
Q

within the immune system, fats can affect…

A

inflammation in the body, depending on the type of fat

52
Q

Triglycerides have two subunits

A

fatty acids and glycerol

53
Q

fatty acids are chains of

A

C and H atoms with a carboxyl group on the end of the fatty acid chain

54
Q

unsaturated fats

A

have double bond in their fatty acid chains

55
Q

saturated fats

A

have no double bonds

56
Q

eating good fats will decrease your risk of

A

cardiovascular disease

57
Q

saturated fats are better for

A

cooking

58
Q

trans fats are created by

A

heating unsaturated fat to high temperatures

59
Q

fast food has high contents of trans fats that can significantly increase your risk of…

A

heart disease

60
Q

Hydrogenated fats

A

Hydrogen is added to the double bonds in unsaturated fats in the presence of hydrogen gas. Partially hydrogenating vegetable oils makes them more stable and less likely to spoil

61
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

Omega-3, omega-6, omega-9

62
Q

Omega fatty acids are…

A

essential and get them from our diet

63
Q

functions of cholesterol

A
  1. Maintain cell membrane flexibility
  2. Production of steroid hormones
  3. Production of bile (used to break down fats)
  4. Help transport fats through blood stream (HDLs, and LDLs)
64
Q

what cells in the body contain the most cholesterol?

A

liver and brain cells

65
Q

most cholesterol in the human body is synthesized by the…

A

liver

66
Q

lipids are found in cell membranes both in the forms of…

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

67
Q

cholesterol structure

A

have three 6-membered carbon rings bound to a 5-membered carbon ring and fatty acid tail

68
Q

phospholipids are the _______ fats and are found in ________

A

primary fats, cell membrane

69
Q

phospholipids are…

A

amphipathic or amphiphilic

70
Q

phospholipids are unique as they have…

A

two non-polar fatty acid chains, called “tails” and a polar “head” that contains a phosphate group

Biology Spring Upgrading (15 decks)

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