Biology Chapter 2 (part 1)

Question 1

infants bodys are made up of how much water?

Answer 1

75%

Question 2

healthy female adult bodies are made up of how much water?

Answer 2

55%

Question 3

Healthy male adult bodies are made up of how much water?

Answer 3

60%

Question 4

the higher the body fat content, the ________ the water content

Answer 4

lower

Question 5

People who are obese can have as little as _____% body water content

Answer 5

%45

Question 6

Water is a (polar/non-polar) molecule

Answer 6

polar

Question 7

the regions within the molecule have a slight charge but is overall

Answer 7

neutral

Question 8

Ions

Answer 8

have different numbers of protons and electrons, so they have a high amount of charge

Question 9

Polar molecules are…

Answer 9

hydrophilic (water-loving) (because water is polar)

Question 10

non-polar molecules are…

Answer 10

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

Question 11

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

dipole-dipole interactions between -OH, – NH, or –FH bonds and other polar or charged molecules.

Question 12

Ionic bonds

Answer 12

between charged ions

Question 13

Covalent Bonds

Answer 13

involves sharing electrons

Question 14

Building materials of the body are known as…

Answer 14

macromolecules

Question 15

4 types of macromolecules

Answer 15

1. proteins
2. nucleic acids
3. carbohydrates
4. lipids/fats

Question 16

Marcromolecules are assembled from many similar small components called…

Answer 16

monomers

Question 17

polymers

Answer 17

chains of monomers

Question 18

how you make a polymer?

Answer 18

covalent bond is formed by removing an OH group from one subunit and a hydrogen from another (known as dehydration synthesis)

Question 19

why is the process of making a polymer called dehydration synthesis?

Answer 19

Because you are removing a water molecule to make the polymer

Question 20

How do you break apart a polymer?

Answer 20

the reverse of dehydration synthesis. a water molecule is added to the polymer to break the covalent bond between monomers

Question 21

What is the process of breaking down a polymer called?

Answer 21

hydrolysis

Question 22

Proteins are complex macromolecules that are comprised of…

Answer 22

amino acids

Question 23

the covalent bond linking two amino acids together is called a…

Answer 23

peptide bond

Question 24

an assembled polymer is called a…

Answer 24

polypeptide

Question 25

amino acids are comprised of what groups?

Answer 25

amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), functional group (-R), and an additional H bonded to the C

Question 26

Functional group

Answer 26

it gives the amino acid their chemical identity

Question 27

how many different types of amino acids are there?

Answer 27

20 different types

Question 28

Proteins - Enzymes

Answer 28

Increases the rate of chemical reactions

Question 29

Proteins - Protection

Answer 29

Protecting the body from pathogens or cellular damage

Question 30

Proteins - Membrane proteins

Answer 30

Allow specific molecules to cross cell membranes, act as signaling molecules, or helping cell adhere to surrounding tissues.

Question 31

Proteins - Cell Recognition

Answer 31

Act as markers that allow immune cells to recognize 'self' cells versus pathogens

Question 32

Proteins - Contractile

Answer 32

Involved in muscle contraction and movement.

Question 33

Proteins - Transporter

Answer 33

Involved in moving substances throughout the body

Question 34

Proteins - Structural

Answer 34

Maintaining the structure of the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix

Question 35

Protein - Regulatory

Answer 35

Work with signaling molecules that regulate cell functions

Question 36

The order of the amino acids that form the polypeptide is important

Answer 36

The sequence of the amino acids affects how the protein folds together.

Question 37

The way that a polypeptide folds to form the protein determines the protein’s function

Answer 37

Some proteins consist of more than one polypeptide

Question 38

What are the 4 levels of protein structures?

Answer 38

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 39

the shape of the protein affects its...

Answer 39

function

Question 40

changes in the environment can cause the protein to...

Answer 40

unfold or denature

Question 41

Increased temperature or lower pH affect...

Answer 41

hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic interactions which are involved in the folding process

Question 42

a denatured protein is...

Answer 42

inactive

Question 43

Enzymes are globular proteins that...

Answer 43

have a special 3D shape that fits precisely with another chemical

Question 44

Enzymes are to be used to _______ every cellular chemical reaction

Answer 44

catalyze

Question 45

Enzymatic reactions that build molecules are called

Answer 45

anabolic reactions

Question 46

Enzymatic reactions that break down molecules are called

Answer 46

catabolic reaction

Question 47

some proteins may combine with carbohydrates to form...

Answer 47

glycoproteins

Question 48

some proteins may combine with fats to form...

Answer 48

lipoproteins

Question 49

modifications of proteins occur in the...

Answer 49

Golgi apparatus

Question 50

Tryptophan is the amino acid used to make...

Answer 50

serotonin - a neurotransmitter (NT) used to regulate mood

Question 51

Tyrosine is used to make...

Answer 51

dopamine; epinephrine and norepinephrine; and thyroid hormones (reward-motivated behaviour)

Question 52

Tryptophan is an

Answer 52

essential amino acid; it is high in chicken, turkey, seafood, nuts, and seeds

Question 53

Glycine

Answer 53

inhibitory NT, makes us feel calm and decreases anxiety

Question 54

Glutamic acid

Answer 54

important for thinking, learning, and memory. (excess glutamate can cause feelings of anxiety)

Question 55

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine

Answer 55

sometimes consumed as an exercise supplement. (glucose and fat metabolism and ATP production in the muscles) (promote protein synthesis and muscle repair after high-intensity exercise)