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Biology Spring Upgrading > Biology Chapter 2 (part 1) > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 (part 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

infants bodys are made up of how much water?

A

75%

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2
Q

healthy female adult bodies are made up of how much water?

A

55%

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3
Q

Healthy male adult bodies are made up of how much water?

A

60%

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4
Q

the higher the body fat content, the ________ the water content

A

lower

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5
Q

People who are obese can have as little as _____% body water content

A

%45

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6
Q

Water is a (polar/non-polar) molecule

A

polar

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7
Q

the regions within the molecule have a slight charge but is overall

A

neutral

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8
Q

Ions

A

have different numbers of protons and electrons, so they have a high amount of charge

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9
Q

Polar molecules are…

A

hydrophilic (water-loving) (because water is polar)

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10
Q

non-polar molecules are…

A

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

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11
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

dipole-dipole interactions between -OH, – NH, or –FH bonds and other polar or charged molecules.

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

between charged ions

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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

involves sharing electrons

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14
Q

Building materials of the body are known as…

A

macromolecules

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15
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A
  1. proteins
  2. nucleic acids
  3. carbohydrates
  4. lipids/fats
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16
Q

Marcromolecules are assembled from many similar small components called…

A

monomers

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17
Q

polymers

A

chains of monomers

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18
Q

how you make a polymer?

A

covalent bond is formed by removing an OH group from one subunit and a hydrogen from another (known as dehydration synthesis)

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19
Q

why is the process of making a polymer called dehydration synthesis?

A

Because you are removing a water molecule to make the polymer

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20
Q

How do you break apart a polymer?

A

the reverse of dehydration synthesis. a water molecule is added to the polymer to break the covalent bond between monomers

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21
Q

What is the process of breaking down a polymer called?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

Proteins are complex macromolecules that are comprised of…

A

amino acids

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23
Q

the covalent bond linking two amino acids together is called a…

A

peptide bond

24
Q

an assembled polymer is called a…

A

polypeptide

25
Q

amino acids are comprised of what groups?

A

amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), functional group (-R), and an additional H bonded to the C

26
Q

Functional group

A

it gives the amino acid their chemical identity

27
Q

how many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20 different types

28
Q

Proteins - Enzymes

A

Increases the rate of chemical
reactions

29
Q

Proteins - Protection

A

Protecting the body from pathogens or cellular damage

30
Q

Proteins - Membrane proteins

A

Allow specific molecules to cross cell membranes, act as signaling molecules, or helping cell adhere to surrounding tissues.

31
Q

Proteins - Cell Recognition

A

Act as markers that allow immune cells to recognize ‘self’ cells versus pathogens

32
Q

Proteins - Contractile

A

Involved in muscle contraction and movement.

33
Q

Proteins - Transporter

A

Involved in moving substances throughout the body

34
Q

Proteins - Structural

A

Maintaining the structure of the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix

35
Q

Protein - Regulatory

A

Work with signaling molecules that regulate cell functions

36
Q

The order of the amino acids that form the polypeptide is important

A

The sequence of the amino acids affects how the protein folds together.

37
Q

The way that a polypeptide folds to form the protein determines the protein’s function

A

Some proteins consist of more than one polypeptide

38
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structures?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

39
Q

the shape of the protein affects its…

A

function

40
Q

changes in the environment can cause the protein to…

A

unfold or denature

41
Q

Increased temperature or lower pH affect…

A

hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic interactions which are involved in the folding process

42
Q

a denatured protein is…

A

inactive

43
Q

Enzymes are globular proteins that…

A

have a special 3D shape that fits precisely with another chemical

44
Q

Enzymes are to be used to _______ every cellular chemical reaction

A

catalyze

45
Q

Enzymatic reactions that build molecules are called

A

anabolic reactions

46
Q

Enzymatic reactions that break down molecules are called

A

catabolic reaction

47
Q

some proteins may combine with carbohydrates to form…

A

glycoproteins

48
Q

some proteins may combine with fats to form…

A

lipoproteins

49
Q

modifications of proteins occur in the…

A

Golgi apparatus

50
Q

Tryptophan is the amino acid used to make…

A

serotonin - a neurotransmitter (NT) used to regulate mood

51
Q

Tyrosine is used to make…

A

dopamine; epinephrine and norepinephrine; and thyroid hormones (reward-motivated behaviour)

52
Q

Tryptophan is an

A

essential amino acid; it is high in chicken, turkey, seafood, nuts, and seeds

53
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory NT, makes us feel calm and decreases anxiety

54
Q

Glutamic acid

A

important for thinking, learning, and memory. (excess glutamate can cause feelings of anxiety)

55
Q

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine

A

sometimes consumed as an exercise supplement. (glucose and fat metabolism and ATP production in the muscles) (promote protein synthesis and muscle repair after high-intensity exercise)

Biology Spring Upgrading (15 decks)

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