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Biology Spring Upgrading > Biology Chapter 3 (part 1) > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 3 (part 1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells are small becasue…

A

nutrients need to diffuse across the cell

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2
Q

the largest a cell can be is…

A

~100 micrometers in diameter

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3
Q

some cells have special modifications that…

A

increase surface area relative to their cell volume

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4
Q

neurons are

A

very long and thin

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5
Q

cells lining the digestive tract have

A

microvilli (finger-like projections that increase surface area)

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6
Q

in order for organisms to become larger, they must become…

A

multicellular

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7
Q

all living organisms are composed of…

A

cells

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8
Q

the cell is a basic unit of…

A

all living organisms

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9
Q

cells are the ___________ that can survive independently

A

smallest single unit

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10
Q

all cells come from…

A

pre-existing cells

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11
Q

all cells contain ___________ which is passed through to new cells through __________

A

genetic material (DNA), cell division

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12
Q

all cells are either…

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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13
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

forms the boundary of the cell, controls the permeability of the cell to water, and dissolves substances

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14
Q

cytoplasm fills the…

A

interior of the cell

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15
Q

the plasma membrane is a sheet of…

A

lipids with embedded proteins

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16
Q

the molecules comprising the lipid layers are called…

A

phospholipids

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17
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

polar head (hydrophilic), non-polar tails (hydrophobic)

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18
Q

polar regions consist of…

A

phosphate group

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19
Q

non-polar regions consist of…

A

fatty acids

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20
Q

receptor proteins

A

binds substances outside the cell that affect the function of that cell

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21
Q

antigens

A

they act as markers, such as blood type proteins

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22
Q

transport proteins

A

allow substances to cross the membrane

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23
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • Lack a nucleus and do not have an extensive system of internal membranes.
  • All eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic
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24
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • Have a nucleus and have internal membrane-bound compartments.
  • All organisms other than bacteria are eukaryotic.
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25
Q

Prokaryotes are the _________ cellular organisms

A

Simplest

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26
Q

prokaryotes have no or few…

A

interior compartments

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27
Q

prokaryotes cell wall

A

combination of disaccharides and amino acids known as peptidoglycans confer a rigid structure

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28
Q

Capsule

A

may surround the cell wall

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29
Q

cytoplasm

A

uniform with little or no internal
support framework

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30
Q

ribosomes

A

scattered throughout the cytoplasm

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31
Q

Nucleoid region

A

area of the cell where DNA is localized.
→ It is not membrane-bound, so not a true nucleus

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32
Q

flagellum

A

a collection of protein fibres that extend from the cell surface.
- aids in locomotion and feeding

33
Q

pilus

A

is like a short flagellum
- Aids in attaching to substrates and in exchanging genetic information between cells

34
Q

Eukaryotic cells are…

A

larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

35
Q

Eukaryotic cells structures

A
  • They have a plasma membrane encasing a cytoplasm.
  • Internal membranes form compartments called organelles.
  • The cytoplasm is semi-fluid and contains a network of protein fibres that form a scaffold called a cytoskeleton.
36
Q

many organelles are immediately _________ under a microscope

A

visible

37
Q

nucleus

A

A membrane-bound compartment for DNA

38
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Give rise to internal
membranes found in the cell.
Each compartment provides
specific conditions favouring
a particular process.

39
Q

The nucleus stores…

A

hereditary information (DNA)

40
Q

the nucleus controls…

A

all functions within a cell

41
Q

nuclear envelope

A

the nuclear surface, a double-membrane

42
Q

nuclear pores

A

groups of proteins form these openings. they permit proteins and RNA to pass in and out of the nucleus

43
Q

During most of the nuclear cell cycle:

A

DNA is loosely coiled into strands called chromatin, which are not visible as segments.
→ Protein synthesis occurs when the DNA is in the chromatin form

44
Q

During cell division and replication:

A

DNA of eukaryotes is packaged into segments and associated with stabilizing proteins (known as histones).
- These proteins enable the DNA to be wound tightly, so it appears condensed.

45
Q

DNA/Protein complex is called

A

chromosome

46
Q

the nucleus is also the site for…

A

subunits if the ribosome is to be synthesised

47
Q

the nucleolus

A

is a dark-staining regain of the nucleus.
- contains genes that code for rRNA

48
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

an extensive system of internal membranes. Some form channels and interconnections. other portions become isolated spaces enclosed by membranes (vesicles)

49
Q

Rough ER

A

a segment of the ER dedicated to protein synthesis. the surface looks pebbly and rough spots are due to embedded ribosomes

50
Q

Smooth ER

A

a segment of the ER that aids in the manufacture of carbs and lipids. the surface is smooth because it contains so ribosomes

51
Q

Golgi bodies

A

are a flattened membrane that forms collective stacks called Golgi complex. function to collect, package, and distribute molecules manufactured in the cell

52
Q

mitochondria

A

the powerhouse of the cell. a site for series of chemical reactions associated with oxidative metabolism. is surrounded by two membranes

53
Q

Ribosomes

A

composed of rRNA and protein. not membrane-bound and are the site for protein synthesis

54
Q

Golgi complex also gives rise to…

A

lysosomes

55
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound structures contain
enzymes that the cell uses to break down macromolecules.
* Worn-out cell parts are broken down, and their components are recycled to form new parts.
* Particles that the cell has ingested are also digested

56
Q

Peroxisomes

A

different components of the
endomembrane system that are also found in the cell.

57
Q

reactions confined to peroxisomes function to

A
  1. Detoxify harmful by-products of metabolism, and
  2. Convert fats to carbohydrates in plant seeds for growth.
58
Q

centrioles

A

found in most eukaryotic cells are
involved in the organization of spindle fibres (microtubules) that
transport chromosomes during cell division.

59
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of an internal framework of
protein fibres that…

A
  • Anchor organelles to fixed locations,
  • support the shape of the cell, and
  • help organize ribosomes and the enzymes needed for synthesis activities.
60
Q

Microfilaments

A

~ 7 nm diameter
→ long, slender fibers made of the protein actin

61
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

~ 10 nm diameter
→ composed of a family of related proteins that share similar structural and molecular features

62
Q

Microtubules

A

~ 25 nm diameter
→ hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin

63
Q

Cellular motion is associated with the movement of…

A

actin microfilaments and/or microtubules

64
Q

some cell components “crawl” by …

A

coordinating the rearrangement of actin microfilaments

65
Q

some cells “swim” by …

A

coordinating the beating of microtubules grouped together in the form of flagella or cilia.

66
Q

Microtubules provide…

A

structural framework that allows other molecules to ‘crawl’ along the microtubule

67
Q

Collagen and elastin proteins form…

A

a protective layer over the cell surface and allows tissues to be strong yet flexible

68
Q

Fibronectin protein connects…

A

the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the plasma membrane

69
Q

Fibronectin molecules connect to…

A

integrins, membrane-spanning proteins that extend into the
the cytoplasm of the cell.

70
Q

This extracellular—intracellular connection allows…

A

the ECM to influence cellular behaviour and to coordinate groups of cells functioning as tissues.

71
Q

Collagen

A

makes tissues strong

72
Q

Elastin

A

makes tissues stretch

73
Q

Proteoglycans

A

contain sugars that hold water in
connective tissues and allows for lubrication and for tissue to withstand force – joints

74
Q

Fibronectin

A

binds ECM components and plays a role in adhesion and is important for wound healing

75
Q

Integrins

A

connect cytoskeleton to ECM and transmit information into or out of the cel

76
Q

cell junctions

A

are structures that connect cells together and/or allow cells to communicate with other cells.

77
Q

Tight junctions

A

hold cells together and prevent
molecules from moving through the space between cells

78
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

have adhesion molecules that
anchor cells to the ECM; they are found in tissues that undergo a lot of stretching

79
Q

Gap junctions

A

form direct channels between cells
that decreases time required to communicate

Biology Spring Upgrading (15 decks)

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