Chapter 5: Neoplasia Flashcards
cancer cells have a lack of ______
contact inhibition
- cancer cells are ______ and more adaptive to survive under ______; they require less ______ to survive
- cancer cells contain fewer mitochondria, less RER, and fewer specialized enzymes
- can be grown ______ (“immortal”)
less differentiated
unfavorable conditions
oxygen
indefinitely
any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium
polyp, papilloma
a benign tumor. the prefix designates primary tissue of organ
______ + oma (suffix)
malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)
carcinoma
malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium
sarcoma
neoplasm of blood cells
leukemia
if you stop these factors, the tumor will die
tumor angiogenic factors
tumors of blood cells and lymphocytes
leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
tumors of neural cells
neuroblastoma
tumors of glial cells and neural supporting cells
glioma, meningioma
germ cell tumors
teratoma
tumors composed of embryonic cells originating from embryonic primordia
blastomas
eye tumors
retinoblastoma
arenal medulla or immature neural cells tumor
neuroblastoma
liver tumor
hepatoblastoma
kidney
nephroblastoma
these tumors carry the name of the physicians who have described them first, such as:
- Hodgkin’s disease
- Ewing’s sarcoma
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
eponymic tumors
exogenous causes of cancer:
- ______: polycyclic aromatic carbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines & heavy metals
- ______: UV, X-rays and radioactivity
- ______: (e.g., viruses)
chemical
physical
biologic
endogenous causes of cancer
- ______
- ______ suppressor genes
oncogenes
tumor
carcinogen is absorbed preformed or in the form of pro-carcinogen, which is transformed into the active carcinogen
chemical carcinogenesis
carcinogen acts stepwise: (5)
initiation promotion conversion progression clonal expansion
Human papilloma virus
epstein-barr virus
hepatitis B virus
DNA viruses
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1)
RNA virus
cervical cancer vaccine that helps protect against 4 types of ______
gardasil
HPV
protect the cells against activated or newly acquired oncogenes
tumor supressor genes
best known tumor suppressor genes are: (2)
p53
BRCA-1, 2 & 3
- a tumor supressor protein
- a ______ acts as a transcription factor
- functions by switching off replication of ______ to allow for its repair
- if repair fails, may trigger cell suicide by ______
- mutations of p53 may represent the primary events in the evolution of a normal tissue to a ______
- found mutated in over ______ of many known cancers
p53 nuclear phosphoprotein damaged DNA apoptosis cancerous state 50%
cancer treatments
immunotherapy
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
use of nonselective cytotoxic drugs that target vital cellular machinery or metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth
-goal: to eliminate enough tumor cells
chemotherapy
take T cells out, make them stronger with medicine, and inject them back in the patient
immunotherapy
- most severe form of malnutrition
- present in 80% of cancer patients at death
- includes anorexia, weight loss, anemia, asthenia, taste alterations, and altered protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
- muscle wasting disease
cachexia
