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Pathology > Chapter 1: Cell Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of body

A

cells

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2
Q

groups of similar cells to perform similar functions

A

tissues

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3
Q

tissues grouped together in different proportions

A

organs

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4
Q

groups of organs functioning together

A

organ system

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5
Q

integrated organ systems

A

functioning organsim

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6
Q

An abnormality at any level of organization can cause ___

A

disease

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7
Q

contains genetic information, directs metabolic function of cells

A

nucleus

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8
Q

content of the nucleus:

A

Nucleoli

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9
Q

Two types of nucleic acid combined with protein:

A
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

- RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

DNA is contained in ___

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

RNA is contained in ___

A

nucleoli

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12
Q

A DNA molecule consists of ___ strands of DNA that are held together by ___ ___ attractions between the ___ of the adjacent chains

A

two
weak chemical
bases

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13
Q

only ___ can pair with ___ and only ___ can pair with ___

A

adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

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14
Q

central dogma:

A

gene expression

DNA–> mRNA–> Protein

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15
Q

mass of protoplasm with its various cytoplasm organelles, surrounded by a cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

___: no definite shape

A

hyaloplasm

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17
Q

mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes

A

cytoplasmic organelles

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18
Q

___ ___ separates from extracellular fluid

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

plasma membrane

  • ___ cell surface
  • ___ permeable with ___ ___
  • lipid bilayers with inserted ___ and ___
  • ___ and ___ regions
A 
outer
selectively 
electric charge 
glycolipids
glycoproteins
hydrophobic 
hydrophilic
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20
Q

mitochondria

  • Surrounded by ___ ___
  • Have ___
  • Generate ___
  • Are full of ___ ___ (e.g., cytochrome oxidase)
A

double membrane
cristae
energy (ATP)
oxidative enzymes

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21
Q

(“polysomes”)- synthesis of proteins for internal purposes

A

ribosomes

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22
Q

synthesis of proteins for export

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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23
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
has complex functions:
-___: metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and nutrients
-Synthesis of ___ ___
-prominent in the ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___

A 
catabolism
steroid hormone 
liver
adrenal cells
Leydig cells
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24
Q

Lysosomes

  • Membrane-bound ___ organelles
  • ___ lysosome
  • Secondary lysosomes- ___ and ___
  • Give rise to residual bodies (___)
A 
digestive
primary
heterophagosomes
autophagosomes 
lipofuscin
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25
Q
  • brown pigment composed of oxidized lipids
  • “undigested contents of autophagosomes and heterophagosomes”
  • accumulates in aging tissues
A

lipofuscin

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26
Q

the movement of dissolved particles (solute) from a more concentrated to a dilute solution

A

diffusion

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27
Q

the movement of water molecules from a more dilute solution to a concentrated solution

A

osmosis

28
Q

the transfer of a substance across the cell membrane from a region of low concentration to one of higher concentration

A

active transport

29
Q

the process requires the cell to expend energy because the substance must move against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

30
Q

many ___ ___ depend on ___ ___ of ions and molecules

A

metabolic processes

active transport

31
Q

the ingestion of particles that are too large to pass across the cell membrane
-the cytoplasm flows around the particle and the cytoplasmic processes fuse, engulfing the particle within a vacuole in the cytoplasm of the cell

A

phagocytosis

32
Q

ingestion of fluid rather than solid material

A

pinocytosis

33
Q

reversible cell injury

A

cellular swelling

34
Q

irreversible cell injury

A

cell death

35
Q

hypoxia/anoxia, toxins, microbes, inflammation and immune reactions. oxygen radicals

A

causes of cell injury

36
Q

heavy metals such as mercury, as disrupting S-S bonds

A

direct toxin

37
Q

carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized in the liver to carbon trichloride (CCl3), which is more toxic

A

indirect toxin

38
Q

microbial pathogens

  • bacteria:
  • viruses:
  • ->direct cytopathic effect
  • ->indirect cytopathic effect
A

produce toxins

“kill cells from within”

39
Q

___ ___ occur after prolonged exposure to adverse/normal stimuli; the main forms of adaptation are:

  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
A

cell adaptations

40
Q

decrease in size of cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body which can be:

  • physiologic and predictable: e.g., ___ of thymus after puberty, aging
  • pathologic: caused by lack of nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity
A

atrophy

41
Q

enlarged size of the cells

A

hypertrophy

42
Q

hypertrophy of the heart is ___

A

hypertension

43
Q

Hypertrophy of ___ ___ in body builders

A

skeletal muscles

44
Q

increased number of cells in a tissue or organ

A

hyperplasia

45
Q

___ ___ caused by the action of estrogen

A

endometrial hyperplasia

46
Q

benign prostatic ___ in elderly men

A

hyperplasia

47
Q

change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous epithelium). It is reversible if the causative factors are removed

A

metaplasia

48
Q

an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue (precedes to neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

A

dysplasia

49
Q

Naturally, the sequence is ___ to ___ to___. This is seen in development of uterine cervix and respiratory tract neoplasms.

A

metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia

50
Q

___ ___, clinically defined as “brain death,” occurs when tissues undergo ___

A

somatic death

autolysis

51
Q

cell death occurs in two forms:

A

necrosis

apoptosis

52
Q

localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism

A

necrosis

53
Q

programmed death of a single cells within a living organism

A

apoptosis

54
Q

refers to light microscopic alterations in a dead cell. The appearance of the necrotic cell has traditionally been termed coagulative necrosis due to its similarity to coagulation of proteins that occurs upon heating.

A

coagulative necrosis

55
Q

Nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin clumping continues.

A

pyknosis

56
Q

Pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered (nuclear dust).

A

karyorrhexis

57
Q

Pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic digestion

A

karyolysis

58
Q

Gangrene arises from ischemic condition of the limb and the resulting necrosis. Two types: dry gangrene (no blood) and wet gangrene presence of blood, pus (bacterial infection).

A

coagulative necrosis

59
Q

rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair. the cavity of abscess is formed by this.

abscess: a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus.

A

liquefactive necrosis

60
Q

characteristicoftuberculosis (TB). The lesions of TB are compact aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. Debris from the dead cells are grayish white and soft. It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics.

A

caseous necrosis

61
Q

affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma. appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue. Traumatic ___ ___ is common in the breast where it may be mistaken for cancer.

A

fat necrosis

62
Q

necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and becomes calcified
examples: atherosclerosis of arteries, damaged heart valves

A

dystrophic calcification

63
Q

hypercalcemia (high calcium) followed by deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues
-most common cause of hypercalcemia is hyperparathyroidism (hyper active parathyroid gland).

A

metastatic calcification

64
Q 
Necrosis
Cause:
Mechanisms: 
cells affected:
cell morphology:
cell membrane: 
Outcome:
A 
exogenous injury 
vital processes inhibited
multiple
swollen, ruptured
ruptured
phagocytosis in neutrophils
65
Q 
Apoptosis
Cause:
Mechanisms: 
cells affected:
cell morphology:
cell membrane: 
Outcome:
A

may be exogenous or endogenous
energy dependent, vital processes active
single
rounded up, fragmented (apoptotic bodies)
functionally intact
phagocytosis by macrophages and “nonprofessional macrophages”

Pathology (15 decks)

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