Chapter 1: Cell Pathology Flashcards
basic unit of body
cells
groups of similar cells to perform similar functions
tissues
tissues grouped together in different proportions
organs
groups of organs functioning together
organ system
integrated organ systems
functioning organsim
An abnormality at any level of organization can cause ___
disease
contains genetic information, directs metabolic function of cells
nucleus
content of the nucleus:
Nucleoli
Two types of nucleic acid combined with protein:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
DNA is contained in ___
chromosomes
RNA is contained in ___
nucleoli
A DNA molecule consists of ___ strands of DNA that are held together by ___ ___ attractions between the ___ of the adjacent chains
two
weak chemical
bases
only ___ can pair with ___ and only ___ can pair with ___
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
central dogma:
gene expression
DNA–> mRNA–> Protein
mass of protoplasm with its various cytoplasm organelles, surrounded by a cell membrane
cytoplasm
___: no definite shape
hyaloplasm
mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes
cytoplasmic organelles
___ ___ separates from extracellular fluid
plasma membrane
plasma membrane
- ___ cell surface
- ___ permeable with ___ ___
- lipid bilayers with inserted ___ and ___
- ___ and ___ regions
outer selectively electric charge glycolipids glycoproteins hydrophobic hydrophilic
mitochondria
- Surrounded by ___ ___
- Have ___
- Generate ___
- Are full of ___ ___ (e.g., cytochrome oxidase)
double membrane
cristae
energy (ATP)
oxidative enzymes
(“polysomes”)- synthesis of proteins for internal purposes
ribosomes
synthesis of proteins for export
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
has complex functions:
-___: metabolic degradation of drugs, hormones, and nutrients
-Synthesis of ___ ___
-prominent in the ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___
catabolism steroid hormone liver adrenal cells Leydig cells
Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound ___ organelles
- ___ lysosome
- Secondary lysosomes- ___ and ___
- Give rise to residual bodies (___)
digestive primary heterophagosomes autophagosomes lipofuscin
- brown pigment composed of oxidized lipids
- “undigested contents of autophagosomes and heterophagosomes”
- accumulates in aging tissues
lipofuscin
the movement of dissolved particles (solute) from a more concentrated to a dilute solution
diffusion
the movement of water molecules from a more dilute solution to a concentrated solution
osmosis
the transfer of a substance across the cell membrane from a region of low concentration to one of higher concentration
active transport
the process requires the cell to expend energy because the substance must move against a concentration gradient
active transport
many ___ ___ depend on ___ ___ of ions and molecules
metabolic processes
active transport
the ingestion of particles that are too large to pass across the cell membrane
-the cytoplasm flows around the particle and the cytoplasmic processes fuse, engulfing the particle within a vacuole in the cytoplasm of the cell
phagocytosis
ingestion of fluid rather than solid material
pinocytosis
reversible cell injury
cellular swelling
irreversible cell injury
cell death
hypoxia/anoxia, toxins, microbes, inflammation and immune reactions. oxygen radicals
causes of cell injury
heavy metals such as mercury, as disrupting S-S bonds
direct toxin
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized in the liver to carbon trichloride (CCl3), which is more toxic
indirect toxin
microbial pathogens
- bacteria:
- viruses:
- ->direct cytopathic effect
- ->indirect cytopathic effect
produce toxins
“kill cells from within”
___ ___ occur after prolonged exposure to adverse/normal stimuli; the main forms of adaptation are:
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
- dysplasia
cell adaptations
decrease in size of cell, tissue, organ, or the entire body which can be:
- physiologic and predictable: e.g., ___ of thymus after puberty, aging
- pathologic: caused by lack of nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity
atrophy
enlarged size of the cells
hypertrophy
hypertrophy of the heart is ___
hypertension
Hypertrophy of ___ ___ in body builders
skeletal muscles
increased number of cells in a tissue or organ
hyperplasia
___ ___ caused by the action of estrogen
endometrial hyperplasia
benign prostatic ___ in elderly men
hyperplasia
change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to be replaced by squamous epithelium). It is reversible if the causative factors are removed
metaplasia
an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue (precedes to neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
dysplasia
Naturally, the sequence is ___ to ___ to___. This is seen in development of uterine cervix and respiratory tract neoplasms.
metaplasia
dysplasia
neoplasia
___ ___, clinically defined as “brain death,” occurs when tissues undergo ___
somatic death
autolysis
cell death occurs in two forms:
necrosis
apoptosis
localized death of cells or tissues in a living organism
necrosis
programmed death of a single cells within a living organism
apoptosis
refers to light microscopic alterations in a dead cell. The appearance of the necrotic cell has traditionally been termed coagulative necrosis due to its similarity to coagulation of proteins that occurs upon heating.
coagulative necrosis
Nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic as chromatin clumping continues.
pyknosis
Pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments scattered (nuclear dust).
karyorrhexis
Pyknotic nucleus may be extracted from the cell due to enzymatic digestion
karyolysis
Gangrene arises from ischemic condition of the limb and the resulting necrosis. Two types: dry gangrene (no blood) and wet gangrene presence of blood, pus (bacterial infection).
coagulative necrosis
rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than the rate of repair. the cavity of abscess is formed by this.
abscess: a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus.
liquefactive necrosis
characteristicoftuberculosis (TB). The lesions of TB are compact aggregates of macrophages and other inflammatory cells known as granulomas. Debris from the dead cells are grayish white and soft. It resembles clumpy cheese characteristics.
caseous necrosis
affects adipose tissue and most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma. appears as an irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue. Traumatic ___ ___ is common in the breast where it may be mistaken for cancer.
fat necrosis
necrotic tissue attracts calcium salts and becomes calcified
examples: atherosclerosis of arteries, damaged heart valves
dystrophic calcification
hypercalcemia (high calcium) followed by deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues
-most common cause of hypercalcemia is hyperparathyroidism (hyper active parathyroid gland).
metastatic calcification
Necrosis Cause: Mechanisms: cells affected: cell morphology: cell membrane: Outcome:
exogenous injury vital processes inhibited multiple swollen, ruptured ruptured phagocytosis in neutrophils
Apoptosis Cause: Mechanisms: cells affected: cell morphology: cell membrane: Outcome:
may be exogenous or endogenous
energy dependent, vital processes active
single
rounded up, fragmented (apoptotic bodies)
functionally intact
phagocytosis by macrophages and “nonprofessional macrophages”
