Chapter 13: GI Flashcards
1
Q
- an inflammation of the oral cavity
1) caused by irritants: ______, ______, and stress
2) caused by infectious agents: - ______ (HSV-1): vesicles involving oral mucosa that rupture and results in shallow, painful, ______. primary infection occurs in ______. ______ heal, but virus remains dormant in ______ of the ______ nerve. stress and hormonal changes cause reactivation of the virus, leading to ______ on the lips (cold sores).
- oral candidiasis (______), is a local white, membranous lesion caused by ______. it occurs most commonly in infants and children, ______, and ______ patients
A
stomatitis alcohol tobacco herpes virus red ulcers childhood lesions ganglia trigeminal vesicles thrush candida albicans immuno-compromised diabetes
2
Q
- classified as squamous cell carcinomas
- often related to ______
- ______ of the mouth is common location
- oral ______ and ______ are precursor of lesions
- morphologically present as the following:
- ______: white plaque which cannot be scraped away represents squamous cell dysplasia
- ______: red plaque (______) represents squamous cell dysplasia
A
oral cancer tobacco smoking floor leukoplakia erythroplakia leukoplakia erythroplakia vascularized
3
Q
- ______: infectious or autoimmune. clinically presents as swelling of glans by ______
- prevented by ______ vaccine
- neoplasms (greatest in women 20-40 years old)
- most common localization of the ______ glands
- most common tumor is ______ adenoma (benign)
A
salivary gland disease sialadenitis MUMPS MMR parotid pleomorphic
4
Q
- upper end of the esophagus is intact but ends in a blind pouch
- ______: lower part of the esophagus is normal but it ______ at the proximal end which communicates with trachea
- clinical symptoms: fetus can not swallow ______ and neonates appear to be healthy. but, when fluids are administered they come out via ______, mouth causing ______
- treatment: ______
A
esophageal atresia tracheo-esophageal atresia with fistula tappers amniotic fluid nose respiratory distress surgery
5
Q
- disorder with esophageal motility with inability to relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- the condition is caused by a loss of ______ in the ______, which leads to the progressive dilation of the ______. one important source (principally in south america) is ______ (parasite) infection in Chagas disease. in other cases, ganglion cells are lost for reasons that are not known.
- clinical characteristics include difficulty in ______
- achalasia can lead to ______ cell carcinoma in about 5%
A
diseases of the esophagus: achalasia ganglion cells myenteric plexus esophagus trypanosoma cruzi swallowing squamous
6
Q
______: protrusion of the abdominal contents through abdominal wall to thoracic cavity
______: above the diaphragm (90%)
______: below the diaphragm origin but rolls alongside the distal esophagus
A
hiatal hernia
sliding hernia
paraesophageal or rolling type
7
Q
- hernia protrudes through the inguinal canal and extends into the scrotum is known as ______
- hernia occurs through the femoral canal in the groin is also known as ______
A
inguinal hernia
femoral hernia
8
Q
dilated sub-mucosal esophageal veins that occur secondary to portal hypertension can result in upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
A
diseases of the esophagus: esophageal varices
9
Q
- reflux of gastric juice into esophagus
- characteristics usually include ______ pain relieved by ______. manifestations often include substernal pain (______)
- most commonly, associated with conditions include incompetent lower esophageal sphincter and ______ hernia. GERD is also associated with excessive use of ______ and ______
- ______ and ______ esophagus are late complications
A
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) burning antacids heartburn hiatal alcohol tobacco ulceration barrett
10
Q
- lower portion of the esophagus is affected by this disorder. the ______ cell lining is replaced by ______. most aggressive form of ______.
- common cause is ______ where the glandular ______ happens die to the acid injury.
- treatments for GERD or peptic ulcer: a) ______ are not a permanent solution. b) ______ blockers like zantac blocks the ______ which in terms inhibit ______ secretion. c) acid pump reducer drugs like nexium which decrease the ______ production via acid pump
- ______ in upper or lower esophagus
- ______ in lower esophagus developing in Barrett’s esophagus
A
barretts esophagus squamous columnar epithelium adenocarcinoma GERD (gastro esophageal reflux disease) metaplasia antacids H-2 histamine gastric acid acid squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma
11
Q
diseases of the stomach: clinical symptoms
- pain- ______, upper abdomen
- ______
- bleeding
- ______: upset stomach
- ______ consequences: e.g., iron deficiency anemia caused by chronic ______, vitamin ______ malabsorption- related to ______ anemia
A
midline vomiting dyspepsia systemic blood loss b12 megaloblastic
12
Q
diseases of stomach: developmental abnormality
- ______: congenital hypertrophy of pyloric smooth muscle; more common in ______. seen in two weeks of birth
- prevents ______ of the stomach and results in ______
- ______ of the contracted muscle
A
congenital stenosis of pylorus males emptying projectile vomiting surgical incision
13
Q
- acidic damage to the stomach
- in most cases, self-limited, of short duration
- may be associated with ______, with bleeding
- risk factors: ______, aspirin, ibuprofen, ______, heavy ______ consumption, severe ______ patients (______ ulcer: hypovolemia leads to decrease blood supply), increased intracranial pressure (______ ulcer): increased stimulation of vagal nerve resulting in acid production
- treatment: ______ blocker or ______ reducer (proton pump inhibitor)
A
acute gastritis mucosal ulceration NSAIDS naproxen alcohol burn curling cushing H2 acid pump
14
Q
- is characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation and ______ of the mucosal glands. two types:
- ______: autoimmune gastritis is associated with the presence of antibodies to ______ cells (and sometimes to ______), lack of gastric acid secretion, ______ anemia, and other autoimmune diseases, such as chronic thyroiditis and ______ disease. it is also associated with aging, gastric ______ and gastric ______
- ______: caused by ______ bacteria and common form of chronic gastritis. H. pylori is also strongly associated with ______ and ______ peptic ulcers and is thought to play a role in the development of ______ of the stomach and gastric lymphoma of the mucosa-asociated lymphoid (MALT) type
- treatment: ______ (antibiotic) to treat H. pylori. negative ______ breath test and lack of ______ antigen confirm eradication of H. pylori
A
chronic gastritis atrophy type A parietal cells intrinsic factor pernicious Addison ulcer carcinoma type B helicobacter pylori gastric duodenal adenocarcinoma triple therapy urea stool
15
Q
- Most often, the stomach ulcer (punch out margins) occurs at or near the ______ curvature, in the ______ and ______ regions with hypertrophy of Brunner glands.. Caused by ______ (95 %)
- The ulcer is not a precursor lesion of carcinoma of the stomach
- Unlike peptic ulcer that occurs elsewhere, peptic ulcer of the stomach is not dependent on increased ______ secretion; however, acid and ______ are believed to play a role.
- Presents with ______ that improves with meals. Rupture causes the risk of ______ from gastric arteries.
A
peptic ulcer: duodenal lesser antral pre-pyloric H. pylori gastric acid pepsin epigastric pain bleeding
